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The Luxembourg Residence at Prague Castle, the Bohemian Coronation Order and the appartement in the 14th century

100%

Němec R.

Umění (Art)

2012

vol. 60

issue 1

2-25

It is well established in the literature what function the architecture of the royal residence in Prague played structurally and stylistically in the city's urban layout and what its significance was in the concept of rule applied by Charles IV, but the relation between these two aspects has never been studied. Nor has the use of the residence's individual spatial units. Based on stratigraphic measurements, and an analysis of the coronation order (Ordo ad coronandum) the main floor of the residence can be reconstructed as follows: the piano nobile was divided into two parts, each with a different function, one representative (sala Regia) and the other private, and the latter included the privatissima, the bedroom (thalamus), an antechamber (;anticamera), and other rooms, including the studiolo. Alongside this spatial composition - appartement - were the liturgical spaces, the Chapel of the Virgin Mary at the south end of the hall and the Chapel of All Saints on the east side. The site's spatial arrangement mirrors the layout of the Papal residence of Benedict XII in Avignon, with two wings adjoining the main hall and with the addition of the liturgical spaces and the studiolo. The concept for the Luxembourg residence in Prague, came from Bishop Jan of Dražice, who was very familiar with the Papal setting and is documented as having introduced the Avignon norms of art into Bohemia. The Prague residence - although as a castle building it de facto represented an outdated type of structure - served as a metaphor for the emergent identity of the territorial ruler as sovereign and the contemporary political situation, in an environment that was shaped by the historical consciousness of the Bohemian nobility and above all by the de facto assertion of their traditional rights. Rule by a Luxembourg dynasty, previously alien to Bohemia and only unwillingly accepted by the provincial elites, was buttressed by ceremony and articulated through an exactly calculated purposeful architecture. The revitalisation of the royal palace provides evidence of the prospective side of Luxembourg rule and can therefore be understood as a unique source through which to examine the dynamically changing dynastic self-representation based on territorial and dynastic tradition.

Architektura a ideologie : Výchovné instituce Adolfa Hitlera v protektroátu Čechy a Morava a v Říšské župě Sudety

100%

Němec R.

Umění (Art)

2013

vol. LXI

issue 6

542-571

This article examines the architecture of the Nazi regime in two occupied cities of Czechoslovakia, Praha/Prag and Jihlava/Iglau (the latter being one of the traditionally German-speaking islands in Bohemia), and focuses specifically on the process by which Hitler youth organisations (Hitlerjugend) for the ‘education’ and indoctrination of youth were or were not successfully established in these cities. As a comparison, he takes the political-administrative centres of the Sudeten Reichsgau, Ústí/Aussig, Opava/Troppau, Karlovy Vary/Karlsbad and Liberec/Reichenberg. Drawing on Czech and German archive materials, the extensive body of modern analytical literature, and propagandist literature from the period studied, the author examines the extent to which architecture served as a projection screen for Fascist propaganda in the Occupied or annexed territories. He describes the role played by the Reichsstelle für Raumordnung and shows how the Reich’s propagandist objectives came to be reflected in a highly specific typology and stylistic lexicon for the architecture of Hitler youth hostels and homes. He examines the process by which these organisations were forcibly implanted into the space of occupied Czechoslovakia (and the Sudetenland), a topic that has not yet been addressed in art history. The building projects developed for the Protectorate (published here for the first time) and managed by the Reich’s Hitler Youth Leadership in Berlin (Kulturamt, Reichsjugendführung, RJF, Abteilung HJ) reveal the ties that existed between the construction authorities in the Reich and the Protectorate, including the Planning Committee for the City of Prague. The author asks how many German and Czech architects participated for their own profit in the Nazi system, and for future research raises the hitherto taboo question of guilt and collaboration with the Nazis and the perception of this phenomenon in art history, i.e. the measure of active cooperation of not just German but also Czech architects who contributed to the planning and implementation of projects and thereby unequivocally had a hand in consolidating the totalitarian regime and de facto in the forced ‘Germanification’ of their own people under occupation.

Autor řeší dosud nepojednané téma - architekturu totalitního nacionálněsocialistického režimu - a zabývá se monograficky dvojicí měst, okupované Prahy/Prag a Jihlavy/Iglau, jednoho z německých jazykových ostrůvků na Vysočině, a nastiňuje proces realizace, či naopak derealizace výchovných institucí Adolfa Hitlera. Jako korektivní materiál vybral politická správní centra Říšské župy Sudety Ústí/Aussig, Opavu/Troppau a Karlovy Vary/Karlsbad. Na základě studia archivního materiálu v českých i německých archivech i znalosti rozsáhlé moderní analytické i dobové propagandistické literatury autor určuje, do jaké míry se architektura stala projekční plochou fašistické propagandy v okupovaném i anektovaném prostoru, vymezuje podíl Říšské centrály pro organizaci prostoru (Reichsstelle für Raumordnung), a ukazuje, jak se propagandistické požadavky projevily ve specifických typologiích a stylistickém vokabuláři zde sledovaných Hitlerových domů a ubytoven i jejich - v dějinách umění zatím netematizovaného - zasazení do prostoru okupované bývalé Československé republiky. Projekty, publikované zde poprvé, řízené v protektorátu Říšským vedením pro Hitlerovu mládež v Berlíně ( Kulturamt, Reichsjugendführung, RJF, Abteilung HJ), dokládají propojení říšské a protektorátní stavební správy, mimo jiné s Plánovací komisí pro hlavní město Prahu. Autor se ptá, jak mnoho němečtí i čeští architekti participovali zištně na nacionálněsocialistickém systému, a otevírá pro budoucí bádání zatím tabuizovanou otázku viny a kolaborace s nacisty a percepce tohoto fenoménu v uměleckohistorickém kontextu, tj. měřítek aktivní spolupráce architektů nejen německých, ale i českých, kteří se účastnili plánování a realizace projektů a jednoznačně se tím podíleli na upevnění totalitního režimu a sloužícího de facto k násilné germanizaci vlastního, okupovaného, českého národa.

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The Luxembourg Residence at Prague Castle, the Bohemian Coronation Order and the appartement in the 14th century

Architektura a ideologie : Výchovné instituce Adolfa Hitlera v protektroátu Čechy a Morava a v Říšské župě Sudety