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EN
From the summer of 1919, the Latvian War of Independence (1918–1920) and Provisional Government had the nation's relatively strong support. In the autumn of 1919, the German-Russian Western Russian volunteer army led by Pavel Bermondt was completely driven out of the territory of Latvia as was the Red Army of Soviet Russia in early 1920. Most of the Latvian population took part in the struggle for independence, and some of them were forced to stand in the ranks of opponents of Latvian statehood (Army of Soviet Latvia and Red Army of Soviet Russia) for some time, which was determined by the difficult military-political situation in the region and Latvia. Already during the First World War, most Latvian men in the age group suitable of military service were in the service of the Russian army. The new generation of Latvian artists formed a very specific and important, albeit relatively small contingent. In addition, during their military service in the Russian army and then in other armed formations, some of them continued to maintain active mutual contacts and, as far as possible, to engage in art. The aim of the article is to reflect the hitherto unknown pages in the life of Latvian artists during the Latvian War of Independence, when many of them directly participated in important yet insufficiently researched episodes of this important process. In this way, both the body of biographies of prominent artists (reflecting aspects of their lives that have been insufficiently researched for various reasons) and the understanding of the history of the War of Independence in general are significantly supplemented. The aim has been addressed by paying attention to the representatives of the field of fine arts. Artists became involved in the events of the Latvian War of Independence since the beginning of the country's existence. Although many artists were forced to serve in the Army of Soviet Latvia from which most deserted in May and June of 1919, many others remained and continued their service. The deserters immediately joined the Latvian state service, many took part in battles, and many, like Captain Otto Skulme, were attached to the Latvian War Museum, directly participating in its formation. In general, Latvian artists actively participated in all processes taking place during the First World War and the subsequent War of Independence.
PL
Tradycyjnie istniejący w historiografii łotewskiej termin „czasy polskie” nie jest do końca precyzyjny, ponieważ okres panowania i wpływów Pierwszej Rzeczypospolitej lub Rzeczypospolitej „Obojga Narodów” można nazwać „polskim” jedynie względnie i w dniu dzisiejszym może wywołać pewne nieporozumienia nie tylko naukowe, lecz nawet polityczne. Jednak ta tradycja, powstała w XIX wieku wraz z samą historiografią łotewską, z pewnymi modyfikacjami (termin „czasy polskie” do II wojny światowej i Uchodźstwie po niej lub jako „okres panowania feudałów polskich na Łotwie jako kolonii Rzeczypospolitej” w historiografii radzieckiej, w tym – radzieckiej łotewskiej) istnieje nadal, chociaż część naukowców w swoich publikacjach usiłuje tego terminu unikać. Wymieniony okres obejmuje lata od 1561 roku, kiedy drobne i osłabione państwa Liwonii, szukając schronienia przed zagrożeniem od strony Moskwy, poddały się pod opiekę króla Zygmunta Augusta, do 1772 roku, kiedy tzw. Inflanty Polskie (Łatgalia) w czasie pierwszego rozbioru Rzeczypospolitej weszły w skład Rosji, a niekiedy nawet do 1795 roku, kiedy w skład Rosji została włączona Kurlandia, będaca do tego czasu księstwem lennym Króla Polskiego. Z dotychczasowych badań wyraźnie widać, że omawiany okres w historii Łotwy zajmuje bardzo ważne miejsce. Widać także, że w historiografii łotewskiej okres panowania i wpływów Pierwszej Rzeczypospolitej nie doczekał się jeszcze wszechstronnego zbadania oraz należytej oceny. Zbyt mała liczba badaczy zajmuje się tym okresem jako głównym tematem swojej pracy, a co byłoby możliwe na podstawie w dużej mierze nietkniętych przez naukowców materiałów archiwalnych przechowywanych w Państwowym Historycznym Archiwum Łotwy w Rydze, źródeł archiwalnych w Polsce, na Litwie, Białorusi, w Rosji itd. Jednocześnie należy przyznać, że po odzyskaniu niepodległości przez Łotwę historycy łotewscy poczynili pewne kroki w naświetleniu niektórych aspektów omawianego okresu (np. Księstwo Kurlandzkie, pomniki kultury Łatgalii, wojna polsko–szwedzka z lat 1600–1629 itd.). W ten sposób praca nad tym okresem nadal pozostaje jednym z głównych zadań historyków łotewskich w przyszłości, którą z pewnością ułatwi współpraca z naukowcami polskimi, litewskimi i białoruskimi.
EN
"The Polish times" is a traditional Latvian historiographic term which is not entirely accurate, since the reign and influence of Poland and the Republic of Two Nations (The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth) might be called “the Polish" only relatively and today this term may cause some confusion not only scientific, but even political. This tradition was established in the 19th century along with the Latvian historiography and still exists with some modifications(the term "Polish times" may refer to the World War II and the times in the exile, or as "the reign of Polish feudal lords in Latvia " in Soviet historiography, including – Soviet - Latvian), although there are scientists who try to avoid it in their publications. The period covers the years from 1561, when the small and weak countries of Livonia, surrendered to the King Sigismund Augustus while seeking refuge from the threat of the Moscow, until 1772, when the so-called Polish Livonia (Latgale) became part of Russia during the first partition of Poland, or even to 1795, when Russia incorporated Courland, which was vassal state of the King of Poland by that time. Previous studies show that this period in the history of Latvia occupies a very important place. One can see also that in the Latvian historiography period of the Polish reign and its impact have not even been comprehensively researched and properly evaluated. Too few researchers have treated this period as the main theme of their work, although this is possible thanks to archival records from the holdings of the State Historical Archives in Riga, archival sources in Poland, Lithuania, Belarus, Russia, etc. that stay mostly untouched by researchers. At the same time it must be recognized that after gaining the independence by Latvia, Latvian historians have made some steps in the exposure of certain aspects of the period (eg Duchy of Courland, cultural monuments in Latgale, the Polish-Swedish War of 1600-1629, etc). The research over this period still remains one of the main tasks of Latvian historians in the future, and this could be facilitated by co-operation with Polish, Lithuanian and Belarusian scientists.
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