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1

NA MARGO MENOVANIA GENERÁLA VIESTA ZA VELITEĽA POVSTALECKEJ ARMÁDY NA SLOVENSKU (I. ČASŤ)

100%
Baka I.
Vojenská história
|
2020
|
vol. 24
|
issue 4
38 - 57
EN
Div. gen. Rudolf Viest belonged to the central personalities of SNU. In spite of that, his mission and activity as the commander of the insurgent army were not processed comprehensively to this day. There are still many questions about his appointment into this function as well as his arrival to the insurgent territory. Until this day, the question why was his arrival delayed until the 7th October 1944 provokes speculations. This is in spite of the fact that the insurgent command urged him basically since the beginning of September. The military historians did not even deal sufficiently with the systematic denigration of Vies’ position by the pre-1989 Marxist historiography. In his contribution, the author tried to sum up the knowledge about the issue in question and explain all the relevant causes and context of the appointment of gen. Viest the commander of the insurgent army as well as the questions related to the delay of his arrival to the insurgent territory.
2

PODPLUKOVNÍK JÁN ŠMIGOVSKÝ A EINSATZGRUPPE H NA SLOVENSKU NA JESEŇ 1944

100%
Baka I.
Vojenská história
|
2017
|
vol. 21
|
issue 1
137 - 146
EN
The monitored document points out to the activities of the Lieutenant Colonel of the Slovak Army, J. Šmigovský, in favour of the occupying regime in Slovakia during the World War 2. The study increases knowledge on the field of collaboration with the Germans, in particular the units of the Nazi security apparatus. It contains the record of the interview kept with Šmigovský by a member of the Emergency Group H (Einsatzgruppe H), of the German Security Police (Sicherheitpolizei – SIPO) and Security Service (Sicherheitsdienst – SD) in November 1944. In Slovakia, this unit operated with its six commandos and supporting points. It focused on fighting the members of resistance, Slovak National Uprising, applying terror and reprisals against the civil citizens, Jews and Gypsies. From the report in question, we may read the attitude and opinion of Šmigovský on the political situation in Slovakia, the relations in Army, on the German-Slovak alliance. The document presents his opinions in a different light as well, outside the debate outlined above. It appears that Šmigovský’s responsibility for cooperation with the Nazi occupational apparatus cannot be marginalized and only interpreted through the lens of his decision whether or not to observe the military oath of the Slovak Republic. Information in the document suggests that his cooperation with Einsatzgruppe H continued in a relatively intense form in the following period as well. The Germans were very interested in him not only due to obtaining the professional information of military nature mentioned in the interview in question. Šmigovský also provided them with his own remarks on the political uncertainty of some of the Slovak officers, whereby he was exposing them to the threat of subsequent prosecution, more or less knowingly. The document itself is published according to the established rules for the issue of sources, disclosed in full wording. It is published bilingually, first in Slovak translation, followed by the German original.
3

VISIT OF THE SLOVAK MILITARY DELEGATION TO ROMANIA (FEBRUARY - MARCH 1942) ON THE BACKGROUND OF ATTEMPTS TO RENEW THE LITTLE ENTENTE

100%
Baka I.
Vojenská história
|
2022
|
vol. 26
|
issue 1
56 - 78
EN
The author of the reviewed study deals with the reconstruction of the broader context and the course of the visit of the Slovak military delegation to Romania at the turn of February and March 1942. He points to the fact that a trilateral regional cooperation between Romania, Slovakia and Croatia began to form, from the summer of 1941, aimed at countering Hungarian revisionism and reclaiming the territories these states had lost to Hungary. However, its scope and forms were limited by their alliance with the Nazi Germany, which, among other things, led the three countries to outwardly refuse to associate their initiative with the idea of reviving the pre-war Little Entente. From this point of view, according to the author, the reciprocal visits of military delegations, taking place in February and March 1942, represented a culmination. However, the author’s main attention is paid to the visit of the Slovak military delegation led by General J. Turanec to Romania, taking place from the 28th February to the 6th March 1942, which was met with extraordinary attention both from the Romanian leadership and the Romanian press.
4

SLOVENSKÁ ARMÁDA A PROTIŽIDOVSKÉ POGROMY NA OKUPOVANOM ÚZEMÍ ZSSR V LETE 1941

100%
Baka I.
Historický časopis (Historical Journal)
|
2017
|
vol. 65
|
issue 4
689 – 708
EN
The study analyses the reactions of members of the Slovak army stationed on the Eastern Front to the emerging genocide against the Jewish population in the conditions of Nazi occupation during the first weeks of the war. On the basis of the available sources, the author states that under the influence of the propaganda, which accused the Jews of supporting the Bolshevik regime, intense anti-Semitic feelings also resounded among the Slovak soldiers at the front. Many soldiers, including the highest representatives of the army, openly approved of violence against the Jews as an act of just revenge, even when it acquired the character of genocide. In some cases, there was voluntary participation by soldiers in anti-Jewish pogroms carried out by the local population. The author also analyses the official attitude of the leadership of the army to violence against Jews, and describes it as ambivalent. The author also considers the reaction of the Ľudák representatives in Slovakia, who increased their anti-Jewish rhetoric and radicalized their anti-Jewish measures including preparations to deport the Jews to the Nazi extermination camps, in spite of the fact that they knew that genocide was beginning.
5

NA MARGO MENOVANIA GENERÁLA VIESTA ZA VELITEĽA POVSTALECKEJ ARMÁDY NA SLOVENSKU (II. ČASŤ)

100%
Baka I.
Vojenská história
|
2021
|
vol. 25
|
issue 1
56 - 75
EN
Div. gen. Rudolf Viest belonged to the central personalities of Slovak National Upraising. In spite of that, his mission and activity as the commander of the insurgent army were not processed comprehensively to this day. There are still many questions about his appointment into this function as well as his arrival to the insurgent territory. Until this day, the question why was his arrival delayed until 7 October 1944 provokes speculations. This is in spite of the fact that the insurgent command urged him basically since the beginning of September. The military historians did not even deal sufficiently with the systematic denigration of Vies’ position by the pre-1989 Marxist historiography. In his contribution, the author tried to sum up the knowledge about the issue in question and explain all the relevant causes and context of the appointment of gen. Viest the commander of the insurgent army as well as the questions related to the delay of his arrival to the insurgent territory.
6

ZAPOJENIE PEŠIEHO PLUKU 102 ZAISŤOVACEJ DIVÍZIE DO NEMECKÝCH PROTIPARTIZÁNSKYCH AKCIÍ NA PRELOME ROKOV 1941/1942

100%
Baka I.
Vojenská história
|
2018
|
vol. 22
|
issue 4
82 – 101
EN
The study deals with the issue of involvement of the Slovak Security Division units in the fulfilment of tasks of the Nazi occupying apparatus in the occupied territory of the Soviet Union, from its origin until the first large anti partisan action of the 102 infantry, carried out in collaboration with the German 315 police battalion before mid-March 1942. In the introductory part of the study, the author reasonably points out to the fact that “from the Nazi Germany, the war against the USSR had a racial and extermination character since the very beginning”, which was considerably expressed even in the fights against the partisan movement and in the crimes against civil citizens committed throughout. The fact that the fight against partisan movement became one of the methods of the extermination character of the war on the USSR is evidenced by the official documents issued by the highest command of the German military power and the German occupation authorities.
7

DIE DEUTSCH-SLOWAKISCHEN BEZIEHUNGEN UND DER KRIEG GEGEN DIE UDSSR (1941 – 1945)

100%
Baka I.
Vojenská história
|
2018
|
vol. 22
|
issue 2
35 - 69
EN
In the topic of German-Slovak relationships and the war on the USSR in 1941–1945, the author capitalised the results of his long-term basic research of the relevant archival sources in the Military Historical Archive Bratislava, Slovak National Archive, State Archive Bratislava, Bundesarchiv-Militärarchiv Freiburg, Bundesarchiv Berlin, National Archive Prague, Archive of the Security Services Prague, Central Military Archive – Military Historical Archive Prague. This information was combined with the information gathered by studying professional literature. The author states that the German-Slovak relationships reflected the satellite relation of the Slovak Republic (SR) to Germany, whereas the representatives of the CS resistance gradually enforced the international recognition of the Czechoslovak Republic during 1940–1942. Engagement of the SR and its army in the war on USSR took place without major complications and the author states that the Slovak party even expressed initiative towards participating in the attack. The goal was to overtake Hungary and win the favour of Germany for the Vienna Arbitration review requirement. The Slovak party retained its initiative until the summer of 1942. However, since 1943, the Slovak Army command starts criticising the reprisals committed on the civilian population in the occupied USSR territory. In the face of decomposition of the army and loss of its fighting capacity, the Slovak party eventually managed to restrict the deployment of its units merely to the defensive construction works.
8

VI. ROBOTNÝ PRÁPOR PRACOVNÉHO ZBORU MNO A DEPORTÁCIE ŽIDOV V ROKU 1942

100%
Baka I.
Vojenská história
|
2022
|
vol. 26
|
issue 2
107 - 132
EN
The study in question deals with the problem of the deportation of Jews from Slovakia in 1942, reflecting the specific situation of the Jews on labour duty assigned to the VI Labour Battalion of the Labour Corps of the Ministry of National Defence at the time of the deportation. The first part of the study presents a summary overview of the legal norms resulting in the discriminatory status of Jews in the conscription of the Slovak State, but at the same time some of them (e.g. the Conscription Act of 18 January 1940) ultimately protecting them from the deportations taking place in 1942. In the second part of the study, the author notes that various claims and interpretations about the responsibility for the Jews of the VI. Labour Battalion avoiding the first stage of deportations in 1942 still appeared in both the scientific and the memoir literature, but the reasons for the halt of the planned deportation of Jews on labour duty have not been further investigated. Therefore the author has concentrated on identifying the decisive reasons for Jews remaining not only in attendance, but also for Jews retained in active labour duty - for the duration of the war - until the end of May 1943. In the third part of the study, the author uses specific examples to show the impact of the ongoing deportations on the mood of the Jewish workers and their actions, manifested by the tense situation in the units of the VI Labour Battalion, the generally despondent mood of their members, fear for their relatives, concern that they, too, would be included in the deportation, desertion, and the desire to be baptised. On the other hand, he points out the ways in which the military authorities tried to eliminate the negative effects of the ongoing deportations on the actions of the Jewish workers by tightening surveillance, abolishing the granting of permits and passes, and preventing their free movement.
9

ÚČASŤ PEŠIEHO PLUKU 102 ZAISŤOVACEJ DIVÍZIE NA NEMECKÝCH PROTIPARTIZÁNSKYCH AKCIÁCH V JUHOVÝCHODNOM BIELORUSKU V MARCI A ZAČIATKOM APRÍLA 1942

100%
Baka I.
Vojenská história
|
2017
|
vol. 21
|
issue 2
84 - 108
EN
The author deals with the scarcely processed topic of the involvement of the Slovak Screening Division (SD) in the anti-partisan operations in the occupied territory of the USSR after its transfer under the territorial competence of the Wehrmacht in the Reich Commissariat Ukraine in September 1941. The author states that the direct involvement of SD in the fight against partisans peaked in the first months of 1942. This was connected with the dislocation changes resulting from the German requirement for the Slovak units to participate in the protection of the of the important rail track, Pinsk – Gomeľ, and the anti-partisan operations in the surrounding. During March, the 102 Infantry Regiment of SD was involved into extensive anti-partisan operations of the occupational apparatus, which drastically affected even the local population. The peak of the German-Slovak cooperation at the turn of March and April 1942 was the operation titled Bamberg in South-eastern Belarus, which represented a “pilot” project of the large-scale anti-partisan operations. The nature of the operations was punitive and predatory and affected the civil population prevailingly. The effort for objective interpretation of these events is documented by the fact that the author based his analyses on the German history literature, which have not been considered in this topic as yet.
10

“UNRELIABLE ELEMENTS”. PROFESSIONAL SOLDIERS OF JEWISH ORIGIN IN THE SLOVAK ARMY AFTER 1939

63%
Baka I., Janecová T.
Vojenská história
|
2023
|
vol. 27
|
issue 1
33 - 60
EN
The topic of persecution and discrimination of Jews in the army in Slovakia has already been the focus of several papers. Most of the attention was paid to the VI Labour Battalion of the Labour Corps of the Ministry of National Defence (MNO). However, some of the aspects of this topic have not received the historians’ interest to this day. Nor has more attention been paid to the status of persons who, even after 1939, served in the army on the basis of an exception as professional soldiers or worked as civilian employees in the MNO and were directly or indirectly exposed to the consequences of the anti-Jewish legal norms. This did not only concern the Jews themselves (only one of whom eventually served in the army on the basis of an exception), but also the category of so-called Jewish mongrels and, last but not least, the “Aryans” themselves, whose wives, however, were of Jewish origin. In the study, the authors focus on the first two categories of persons. They are not aiming merely at descriptive interpretation of the legislative and legal norms permitting the exclusion of Jews from the army. They would also like to document their reactions, which represented a desperate effort to keep their place in the army. Those represented (from their authors’ point of view) an extremely humiliating and desperate effort in every respect to conform to the demands of the regime derived from the official anti-Jewish stereotypes of the propaganda of the Hlinka’s Slovak People’s Party. The latter regarded the Jews as a hostile element. The text pays special attention to the personality of František M. Borský, whose fate in the Slovak Army has not yet been further examined.
11

DOKUMENTY O ÚČASTI JEDNOTIEK SLOVENSKEJ ZAISŤOVACEJ DIVÍZIE NA PROTIPARTIZÁNSKEJ OPERÁCII „BAMBERG“ NA PRELOME MARCA A APRÍLA 19421

63%
Baka I., Schvartz M.
Historický časopis (Historical Journal)
|
2022
|
vol. 70
|
issue 2
331 – 358
EN
The participation of the Slovak army in the invasion of the Soviet Union is a widely discussed topic. However, much less is written and spoken about the participation of Slovak soldiers in the extermination war of the National Socialists in the East and the war crimes committed by the members of the Security Division, especially the 102nd Infantry Regiment under the command of Michal Lokšík. Thanks to the work of Igor Baka, this issue has been given a new dimension. The documents on the deployment of the 102nd Infantry Regiment in the pilot anti-partisan operation “Bamberg” in the area of northern Ukraine and southern Belarus at the turn of March/ April 1942, hitherto unknown to the Slovak public, should also contribute to the further direction of the discussion. The documents testify to the extent to which this regiment was involved in Nazi Germany’s ruthless policy towards the population of occupied Ukraine and Belarus under the guise of fighting the partisans.
12

VSTUP SLOVENSKEJ REPUBLIKY DO VOJNY PROTI ZSSR V DOKUMENTOCH NEMECKEJ PROVENIENCIE

63%
Baka I., Tulkisová J.
Historický časopis (Historical Journal)
|
2010
|
vol. 58
|
issue 3
533-574
EN
In connection with analysis of the entry of the Slovak Republic (SR) into the war against the USSR as an ally of Nazi Germany, some documents from the German Foreign Office are already known. They enable us to trace German ideas about the role of the SR in the war, as well as the degree of willingness of the Slovak government to participate in the attack. However, military documents, especially reports of the German Military Mission in Slovakia and the German military attaché in Bratislava, are also important for analysis of the position of the Slovak army in the first days of the war. Information about the ideas of the Wehrmacht in connection with use of the Slovak army and the territory of the SR in the war can be found in them. They also enable us to trace the reactions of the Slovak side. The authors present a total of 18 German documents of political and military origin. The published texts shed light on the question of to what degree the military participation of Slovakia in the aggression was enforced and to what degree it was an expression of the initiative of the Slovak side. Analysis of the documents clearly shows that, from the German point of view, the entry of Slovakia into the war occurred without complications. The initiative of the Slovak side is stated in various declarations. This can be traced in the case of the prime minister V. Tuka in relation to the act of Slovakia entering the war, but also in the decision making about the character of the participation of the Slovak army in the campaign from the side of its leadership headed by the minister of national defence and first class general Ferdinand Catlos. Paradoxically, according to German military sources, the exaggerated Slovak activity in the area of deployment of Slovak units threatened the productivity of armaments companies working for the Reich.
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