Celem artykułu jest analiza regionalnego zróżnicowania poziomu życia na wsi, na dwóch szczeblach podziału administracyjnego. Wykorzystano koncepcję miary syntetycznej dla obiektów hierarchicznych, zaproponowaną przez A. Młodaka. Podejście to pozwoliło na równoległą ocenę zjawiska dla obiektów hierarchicznych (województw) oraz subobiektów (powiatów), przy jednoczesnej porównywalności wyników na obu poziomach. W badaniu wykazano duże zróżnicowanie warunków życia na wsi zarówno między województwami, jak i wewnątrz nich. Następnie obiekty uporządkowano oraz wyodrębniono grupy obiektów podobnych.
EN
The aim of the paper was to analyse regional differentiation of level of life in rural areas at two levels of administrative division (voivodeships and poviats). The study used the concept of synthetic measure for hierarchical objects, developed by A. Młodak. This approach enabled the simultaneous evaluation of the phenomenon both at the level of hierarchical objects (voivodeships) and subobjects (poviats), while ensuring comparability of results for both levels of administrative division. The analysis showed substantial differences in level of life in rural areas, both between provinces and within them.
Innovation, to promotion and implementation of which more and more importance is attached in the European Union, is a factor which strongly affects the development of companies, regions and whole economies and constitutes the source of their competitive advantage. It means the capa- bility to search and implement modern technologies and new products, but it may also concern new organizational solutions and marketing techniques. The level of regions’ innovation depends on its inhabitants and on the companies operating there. Region itself is a base that can create favourable conditions for the development of innovations. The aim of the paper is to analyse the spatial differentiation of innovation of Polish regions. The regions will be classified and grouped into homogenous subsets upon the level of their innovation. In the research taxonomic and multi- criteria analysis methods will be applied.
Celem badania jest weryfikacja hipotezy o występowaniu tendencji do wyrównywania się dochodów gospodarstw domowych w krajach Unii Europejskiej (UE) w latach 2007—2015. Przeanalizowano konwergencję poziomu i rozkładu dochodów gospodarstw domowych. Podstawowym źródłem informacji były dane Eurostatu pochodzące z badania EU-SILC. Analizę konwergencji poziomu dochodów przeprowadzono dla ważonych liczbą ludności: średniej arytmetycznej, mediany oraz pierwszego decyla rocznego ekwiwalentnego dochodu do dyspozycji. Do badania ich zbieżności zaadaptowano modele regresji stosowane w analizach konwergencji gospodarczej. Oparto się tutaj na koncepcji konwergencji absolutnej typu β. W badaniu zbieżności rozkładów posłużono się rozkładami decylowymi dochodów, a stopień ich rozbieżności oceniano za pomocą uogólnionej postaci miary dywergencji Jensena-Shannona. Badanie przeprowadzono dla 27 krajów UE oraz dla 15 krajów starej Unii i 12 nowych krajów członkowskich. Na podstawie uzyskanych wyników stwierdzono brak konwergencji decylowych rozkładów ekwiwalentnych rocznych dochodów gospodarstw domowych. Zaobserwowano natomiast konwergencję analizowanych charakterystyk rozkładów dochodów (średniej arytmetycznej, mediany i decyla pierwszego).
EN
The aim of the study is to verify the hypothesis of a tendency towards levelling of household income in the EU countries in the years 2007—2015. Convergence process of the level and the distribution of household disposable income was analysed. The basic source of information were Eurostat’s data from EU-SILC database. The convergence analysis of income levels was carried out for the mean, median and first decile of annual equivalised household disposable incomes, weighted by country population. To examine their convergence, regression models used in economic convergence analyses were adapted and the concept of absolute convergence was used. In the study of income distributions convergence the income distribution in households by decile groups was used, and the degree of their discrepancy was assessed using the generalised form of the Jensen-Shannon divergence measure. The study was conducted for 27 EU countries, 15 of the old EU states and 12 new member states. On the basis of the obtained results, it was concluded that there was no convergence of the distributions of income by quantiles. However, the convergence of the considered characteristics of income distributions (mean, median, first decile) was observed.
This paper presents an analysis of expenditure on food of households in Poland in the years 1999–2010. Since their level and dynamics can be used as a measure of well-being of society this process was used to examine internal social convergence of regions, in this case the voivodships. The aim of this paper was to validate the hypothesis about the process for β-convergence in the share of household expenditure on food in total expenditures. The research has allowed the identification of long-term tendency of the level of expenditure on food in Polish households. Based on the analysis of conditional convergence, the article indicates household disposable income as a strong determinant of social convergence process in Poland. For the verification of hypotheses dynamic panel models were applied. The analysis was based on data from the CSO website. All calculations were performed in the Gretl.
The objective of the article was to re-define the bipolar metropolitan area within the area of the Kujawsko-Pomorskie region (NUTS 2). Concentration of metropolitan features, as well as socio-economic situations of its communes (NUTS 5) in 2011, and also the dynamics of communes’ development in the period 2009-2011 were considered in the procedure of delimitation. Bydgoszcz and Toruń, as the economically strongest cities in the region, were established as the dual core of the bipolar metropolitan area. It was assumed that the determined metropolitan area would cover the best developed and the fastest developing communes which met the following criteria of a metropolitan area: neighbourhood, continuity, compactness, maximum distance and population. The development levels of the communes were determined with the use of syn-thetic measure. Its values were calculated considering the economic (e.g. the amount of income) and also social (e.g. unemployment) aspects of regional devel-opment, as well as features typical of metropolitan areas, such as: well-developed sectors of R&D, knowledge-based economy and serving superior services. In the research, linear arrangement methods classifying as taxonomic tools of multivari-ate data analysis was applied. The metropolitan area resulting from the research (BipOM) slightly differs from the Bydgoszcz-Toruń Metropolitan Area (B-TOM) which was formally ap-pointed in 2005 and composed all of the communes located within the area of the Bydgoski and Toruński districts (NUTS 4). Chełmża and Koronowo, as the less developed communes of the districts, were excluded from the new metropolitan area, while the communes of Ciechocinek, Nakło and Unisław, belonging to the neighbouring districts of the region, were included in the BipOM due to their significant level of regional development and its dynamics. Furthermore the Inowrocław district (bordered on the BipOM) was identified as the prospective candidate for the BipOM, due to the fact that its communes demonstrate a high potential for regional development.
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