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Frauen–Männer–Witz Früher und heute. Einige Bemerkungen zum deutschen Kalauer

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Sikorska-Bujnowicz K., Universität Łódź P. F.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Germanica
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2015
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vol. 11
EN
In this article an attempt is made to discuss the German joke regarding its assignment to the class of bad jokes in German. The question of what is a pun and what determines that a humorous text can be classified as bad or good is also important and very interesting. No less important are questions about the possibility of breaking all rules and norms, both of linguistic and social natures. These considerations are documented by examples of German jokes; on the one hand Loriot’s texts, texts from “Was guckst du?” and on the other from websites. The question of whether an analysed joke is good or bad still remains open despite all possible classification attempts, because its interpretation is subjective, to be assessed for what it is by the recipient from the outset.
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Die Textsorte Glosse in diachronischer Auffassung

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Wylot M., Universität Łódź P. F.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Germanica
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2015
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vol. 11
EN
The aim of the paper is to describe the column as a type of text. This text type has its roots back in the 19th century France. But at the beginning this text type had a totally different character, different form, aim and features. It was a part of newspaper, where novels, critiques and poems were posted. Nowadays there may occur a problem to define the term ‘column’. Generally it is the text type with a polemical and derisive character, which serves as the entertainment, but sometimes the term ‘column’ still refers to a part of the newspaper. This article defines the term and how this text type has developed through the time.
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Zur Dynamik der Sprache aus linguistischer und neurokognitiver Perspektive

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Sakowski K., Universität Łódź P. F.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Germanica
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2014
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vol. 10
EN
Cognitive sciences are grouped together according to their substantial disciplines such as neurobiology, psychology, linguistics and many others. From more than ten years a search has been undertaken for the best fitting cognitive research method, that does not influence the scientific output. More recently attention has been turned to systems which might operate through their dynamic aspect, called the dynamic approach. Their great advantage is to see the old linguistic axioms such as connectivity in a new way.
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Zu slawischen Anleihen im österreichischen Deutsch und deren Lemmatisierung in „Duden. Deutsches Universalwörterbuch” und „Duden. Wie sagt man in Österreich?”

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Marek R., Universität Łódź P. F.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Germanica
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2014
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vol. 10
EN
This article presents Slavic loanwords in the Austrian variant of the German language. Its aim is twofold: it discusses words of Polish, Slovakian, Czech, Serbo­-Croatian, and Slovenian origin in the Austrian variant of German, as well as stressing the multicultural history of Austria and its influence on vocabulary (a significant number of Slavic loanwords refer to culinary lexis denoting the names of Slavic meals). The analysis will not only deal with the meaning and etymology of particular words, but will also scrutinize their description in the “Duden” dictionaries: “Deutsches Universalwörterbuch” and “Duden. Wie sagt man in Österreich?”.
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Konventionen bei der Interpretation von konversationellen Implikaturen

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Prasalski D., Universität Łódź P. F.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Germanica
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2014
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vol. 10
EN
This article is an attempt to characterize the conventions employed in the interpreting of conversational implicatures. The main objective is to justify the hypothesis that language utterers confronted with conversational implicatures not only use knowledge about rules of the language system and extralinguistic knowledge but also refer to special instructions for interpretation of implicit meanings. The article presents possibilities of verbalizing such instructions and compares them with linguistic rules showing some differences and similarities between them.
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Einige Bemerkungen zur Adaptation der deutschen Entlehnungen aus dem Bereich der Wissenschaft im Polnischen

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Sikorska-Bujnowicz K., Universität Łódź P. F.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Germanica
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2014
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vol. 10
EN
The matter under consideration in this article is the problem of borrowed German lexical elements and their life in the borrowing Polish language. The starting point is a short overview of the elements of the lexical field of science and their change of meaning in the Polish language.
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Varianz und Invarianz innerhalb der statischen und dynamischen Verbvalenz

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Żytyńska M., Universität Łódź P. F.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Germanica
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2014
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vol. 10
EN
This article deals with the dichotomy of static and dynamic valency. Although the attribute static means constancy and characteristic dynamic is most associated with changeability and variantibility, both types of verbal valence show (although very different) fixed and variable aspects. Quite obviously this is related to the specificity of valency – to its multilayered qualities. This paper presents attempts to show in what sense static valency implies variantibility, and what fixed and what variable aspects are included in dynamic valency.
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Intertextuelle Relevanz bei Franz Kafk

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Sadziński R., Universität Łódź P. F.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Germanica
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2014
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vol. 10
PL
Teksty są co najmniej w dwójnasób transcendentne. Z jednej strony poprzez język, tworzywo tekstu, który konstytuując się w diachronii i funkcjonując w synchronii, transcenduje (transzendiert) – żeby użyć sformułowania Karla Jaspersa – (za)przeszłą rzeczywistość w postaci powstałych wtedy znaków i ich znaczeń w nieznaną z tamtej perspektywy przyszłość, a więc i w naszą teraźniejszość. Z drugiej zaś istniejące już teksty wchodzą z sobą w interakcję, co powoduje, że tworzą się niejako hiperteksty w czasie i w przestrzeni. Jest jeszcze i trzeci wymiar – to autor tekstu i czytelnik (każdy z osobna), którym tekst pozwala – jak mówi Gerhard Kurz – wyjść „poza siebie”, bo tylko wtedy odczuwamy potrzebę powrotu do „własnego ja”, odrzucając po drodze kolejną maskę (gr.­łac. persona). W artykule pokazano to na przykładzie tekstów Franza Kafki. Spośród wielu poruszonych tam wątków ograniczmy się tutaj jedynie do toposu syren, które zniewalały żeglarzy swym śpiewem. U Kafki syreny już definitywnie nie śpiewają, wobec czego Odyseusz niepotrzebnie kazał zatykać sobie uszy woskiem. Kafka stawia tylko kropkę nad i, bo już i we wcześniejszej literaturze niemieckiej ten śpiew cichł coraz bardziej. I tak w znanej pieśni Heinego Loreley poeta już nie jest pewny skuteczności śpiewu syren – on jedynie chce w to wierzyć: „Wierzę, że fale w końcu pochłoną i żeglarza i łódź”. Bo w czasach nihilizmu śpiew – i sztuka w ogóle – traci swą moc. W balladzie Rybak Goethego syrena wprawdzie jeszcze tryumfuje, ale to nie za sprawą śpiewu. Śpiew bowiem dominuje w drugiej zwrotce („Śpiewała do niego, mówiła do niego”), natomiast rybak pogrąża się w odmętach morza dopiero w czwartej zwrotce, gdzie dominuje perswazja słowna („Mówiła do niego, śpiewała do niego”). Ta inwersja – notabene brak jej w polskim tłumaczeniu Hanny Januszewskiej w Dziełach wybranych J. W. Goethego (PIW 1983) – nie mogła być u Goethego przypadkowa: symbolizuje ona typową dla lustrzanego odbicia odwróconą proporcję – rybak tak naprawdę ujrzał własne odbicie w wodzie, biorąc je za postać syreny. Śmierć w odmętach morza była ceną za brak samowiedzy. Nie darmo zatem napis na świątyni Apollina w Delfach głosił: „Γνῶθι σεαυτόν (Gnothi seauton) – Poznaj samego siebie”.
EN
Texts are transcendental in a at least two ways. On one hand, they are transcendental through the language – the substance of texts – which by constituting diachronic relationships and functioning in synchrony transcend – to use Karl Jaspers’ term – past reality in the form of the then existing signs and their meanings into future then unknown from that perspective, and thus also the present as known to us. On the other hand, texts interact with each other and as it were, create hypertexts in time and space. There also exists a third dimension – the author and the reader (each independently) whom the text allows, to quote Gerhard Kurz, to go ‘beyond oneself’ because only then we experience the need to return to ‘one’s own I’, rejecting on the way a successive mask (Greek and Latin persona). In this article the concept is illustrated in the context of Franz Kafka’s texts. Among the multitude of themes presented, let us limit ourselves to the topos of the Sirens who lured sailors with their singing. In Kafka’s works the Sirens no longer sing, so Odysseus need not have asked to have his ears blocked with wax. At that point Kafka only completed the process of change, for already earlier in German literature the singing had grown quieter and quieter. Thus in Heine’s well­known song “Loreley” the poet is no longer convinced about the effectiveness of the mermaid’s singing – he only wishes to believe in it: “I think that the waves will devour the boatman and the boat as one” (as translated by A.Z. Foreman). Because in times of nihilism the singing – and art in general – had lost their power. In Goethe’s “Fisherman” the mermaid still triumphs, but not because of her singing. Her song dominates in the second verse (“She sang to him, she spoke to him” as translated by John Storer Cobb), but the fisherman immerses himself in the abyss of the sea only in the fourth verse which is dominated by verbal persuasion (“She spoke to him, she sang to him”). This inversion – nota bene lacking in the Polish translation by Hanna Januszewska in “Dzieła wybrane” J.W. Goethe (PIW 1983) – could not have been accidental: it symbolizes the reversed image typical of a mirror reflection – in reality the fisherman had seen his own reflection in the water and mistook it for the image of a mermaid. His death in the abyss of the sea was a price paid for lack of self­knowledge. It was not without reason that the inscription on the Temple of Apollo in Delphi read: “Γνῶθι σεαυτόν (Gnothi seauton) – Know thyself!”.
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