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Podział na prawo publiczne i prywatne. Uwagi na kanwie monografii Igora Zachariasza

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Szczepaniak R.
Forum Prawnicze
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2016
|
issue 6 (38)
82–97
EN
This article is a review of the monograph by Igor Zachariasz entitled Prawo w ujęciu strukturalnym. Studium o dychotomicznym podziale prawa na prawo publiczne i prawo prywatne (Law in structural terms. A study on the dichotomous division of the law into public and private law). An analysis of the statements contained in this monograph gives ground to some considerations about the nature and meaning of cultivating the division between public and private law. The main thesis of the monograph that the division of law as a whole into public and private law is a cognitive matter is questionable, and the border separating the two areas of the law could be established in a clear and certain manner. Too little space appears to have been devoted to explain which area, private or public, should take the central role in the law or, in other words, what is the essence and rationale for the division of the legal system into public and private law. In particular, it is objectionable to assume a priori that this division is a dichotomy.
2
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Przyczyny odwoływania się do podziału na prawo publiczne i prywatne przez polskie organy stosujące prawo

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Szczepaniak R.
Forum Prawnicze
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2015
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issue 1 (27)
3-17
EN
In this article the author tried to identify the reasons and motives which stand behind the tendency of Polish courts and public administration bodies to invoke the classic division between public and private law. For this purpose, the author selected a group of 8 court cases and administrative decisions. Following this analysis, the author concludes that in Poland the distinction between public and private law is still of great significance, despite some views maintaining its waning status compared to Western European countries. Yet, as it appears, it is still inspiring in the process of applying law. The analysis also leads to the conclusion that the reasons for referring to this division by the courts and public administration bodies are manifold. The author concurs with a trend in academic literature according to which this division is contingent upon and reflected in a variety of legal contexts.
3

Umowy w administracji (w związku z monografią Piotra Steca)

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Szczepaniak R.
Kwartalnik Prawa Prywatnego
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2015
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vol. 24
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issue 2
359-379
EN
The author discusses the subject of agreements in public administration in connection with the publication of the monograph by Piotr Stec entitled "Agreements in Administration. A Civil Law Study". The author welcomes the publication of this monograph. In his opinion, Polish civil law scientists have too seldom dealt with this issue so far. They seem not to notice that the public sector has become one of the several major areas where the institution of civil law is applied. This is connected with the process of expanding the public sector on the one hand, and with the phenomenon of privatization of public tasks which has been taking place over the last several decades, on the other. According to the author, only interdisciplinary research gives hope for solving many of the problems associated with the conclusion of agreements in public administration. Piotr Stec’s book can, at least partially, fill this gap. The author expresses appreciation for the efforts undertaken by Piotr Stec and agrees with many of his assertions. Nevertheless, he draws attention to some shortcomings and deficiencies in his monograph. Consequently, the author expresses his hope that civil law scientists will more and more frequently discuss the subject of agreements in public administration.
4

Zmiany w drugim filarze emerytalnym z perspektywy cywilistycznej

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Szczepaniak R.
Kwartalnik Prawa Prywatnego
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2016
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vol. 25
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issue 4
879- 924
EN
The author analyzes the legal changes in Poland over the past three years on the basis of which the State (legislator) has depleted the assets of open pension funds (OFE) through the redemption of the government bonds they held, and also abolished the obligation of members of the pension insurance system to belong to a pension fund. The subject of the analysis is also the Constitutional Court's judgment of 4 November 2015 (File number K 1/14) which recognized the legal changes as compliant with the Constitution. The author, who is a civil law expert, decided to conduct his analysis using the civil law methodology. The analysis lead the author to the conclusion that the money collected and recorded in the accounts of members of the open pension funds (the citizens) does not belong to the State. Consequently, the question needs to be answered whether the seizure of the funds by the State can be justified in the light of the Constitution. In his further considerations, the author attempts to go beyond the classical civil law. In his view the complex problem of the second pillar of the pension insurance system, the so-called capital pillar, should be seen in a wider context, taking into account the achievements of constitutional law and social security law. Finally, the author concludes that both the recommended legal changes as well as the Constitutional Court's judgment of 4 November 2015 are highly controversial. In particular, irrespective of the good will of the Constitutional Court's judges, who are guided by their concern about the condition of the public finances of the State, the judgment and the actions of the legislator significantly weaken the citizens' trust in the State and the laws created by it. The changes in the second pillar of the pension insurance system are in fact an example of how promises are broken on a massive scale. The subject discussed by the author also led him to dwell upon some issues of a more general nature regarding the role and importance of civil law and the perception of civil law in the modern world by legislators.
5
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Status prawny komisji rewizyjnej jako element ładu korporacyjnego gminy

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Szczepaniak R.
Studia Prawa Publicznego
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2015
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issue 3(11)
41-57
EN
The author examines one of the aspects of the so-called corporate governance of the municipality, which is the legal status of its audit committee. According to the author the importance of this issue stems from the fact that the audit committee is an instance of internal institutional audit in the municipality, but also of the local community’s supervision over the activities of the municipal executive authority. As is known, since 2002 the municipal executive powers are exercised individually by the wójt (elected municipal governor) in rural communities, and by the mayor or president in towns and cities. The author argues that, despite 25 years of the Local Government Act being in force, the legal status of the audit committee as provided by the Act is not fully accurate and consistent. He proves the veracity of his claims by presenting examples of court judgments and decisions of state regulators over the local government units. What can be concluded from the said judgments and decisions is that the in current legal environment it depends on the will of the wójt, mayor, or president whether the audit committee will be able to carry out its auditing activities in a fully effective way. Such a condition in which the effectiveness of the audit depends to a large extent on the will of the audited entity, must be evaluated negatively. According to the author, in practice, one of the legal obstacles in conducting effective supervision by the audit committee is also the not entirely precise regulation of the access by members of audit committees to the information on the functioning of the local government units. Therefore, the author puts forward a proposal de lege ferenda of introducing to Polish law a special provision guaranteeing the members of the audit committee full access to the information about the functioning of the local government entities, with the exception of the information covered by the state and official secrecy clause.
PL
Autor analizuje jeden z aspektów tzw. ładu korporacyjnego gminy, jakim jest status prawny jej komisji rewizyjnej. Zdaniem autora waga tego zagadnienia wynika stąd, iż na przykładzie komisji rewizyjnej mamy do czynienia z przykładem wewnętrznej kontroli instytucjonalnej w gminie, ale także kontroli społecznej nad działalnością gminnej władzy wykonawczej. Jak wiadomo, od 2002 r. gminna władza wykonawcza sprawowana jest jednoosobowo w gminach wiejskich przez wójta, a w gminach miejskich przez burmistrza lub prezydenta. Autor twierdzi, iż pomimo 25 lat obowiązywania ustawy o samorządzie gminnym, uregulowany w niej status prawny komisji rewizyjnej nie jest w pełni precyzyjny oraz spójny. Prawdziwości swego twierdzenia autor dowodzi prezentując przykłady orzeczeń sądów oraz orzeczeń państwowych organów nadzoru nad jednostkami samorządu terytorialnego. Z orzecznictwa tego wynika, że w obecnych uregulowaniach prawnych od woli wójta (burmistrza, prezydenta) zależy, czy komisja rewizyjna będzie mogła swoją kontrolę prowadzić w pełni efektywnie. Taki stan, gdy skuteczność działań kontrolnych w znacznym zakresie zależna jest od woli jednostki kontrolowanej, należy ocenić negatywnie. Zdaniem autora w praktyce jedną z przeszkód prawnych w prowadzeniu skutecznych kontroli przez komisję rewizyjną jest również nie do końca precyzyjna regulacja dostępu przez członków komisji rewizyjnych do informacji o funkcjonowaniu jednostek samorządu terytorialnego. Dlatego też autor wysuwa propozycję de lege ferenda wprowadzenia do polskiego prawa specjalnego przepisu gwarantującego członkom komisji rewizyjnej pełny dostęp do informacji o funkcjonowaniu tych jednostek, za wyjątkiem informacji objętych tajemnicą państwową i służbową
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