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1
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New Egyptian tomb type found at Abusir South? Report on the excavations of mud brick complex AS 103

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Odler M., Peterková Hlouchová M., Arias Kytnarová K., Havelková P.
Pražské egyptologické studie (Prague Egyptological Studies)
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2018
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issue 21
73-93
EN
In the autumn season of 2017, four mud brick structures designated as AS 103 were excavated in the area of the south-eastern part of the New Kingdom temple (AS 70–73). It is a complex of four corridor chapels/tombs (in an area of 15.0 × 12.7 m), with single or composed niches in the western inner walls. One of the niches in Corridor Chapel 1 was cased with red-painted wooden planks. Shafts were detected in front of the niches, a fairly uncommon phenomenon in Egyptian tomb architecture. The term “hollow tomb with a shaft below a niche” is being proposed for this new tomb (sub)type. A preliminary study of the pottery leads to the conclusion that the tombs were built from the east to the west, with Corridor Chapels 4, 3 and 2 built successively in the Third Dynasty and Corridor Chapel 1 in the Fifth Dynasty. Even though they were funeral structures, not many burials were excavated: the remains of a single human body have been found. The structures did not contain many finds, either. However, four white limestone offering basins were uncovered in situ. One of them was inscribed with the female name Nfr.t-jw=s. It is evident that the excavations have brought to light new insights into burial practices of non-elite people of the Old Kingdom period. In the context of Abusir South, AS 103 represents the first thoroughly excavated complex of such a type of tombs. Based on preliminary probing, similar structures are very likely located nearby, continuing in all directions.
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A burial with a stamp seal depicting a Bes-like figure from Abusir

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Dulíková V., Odler M., Březinová H., Havelková P.
Pražské egyptologické studie (Prague Egyptological Studies)
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2015
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issue 15
69-75
EN
In the autumn of 2010, a humble intact burial in a reed coffin was found during the excavation of the Old Kingdom stone mastaba of the chief physician Neferherptah (AS 65) at Abusir South. The burial was positioned directly on the superstructure of Neferherptah’s tomb. The body of a more than fifty-year-old woman had been wrapped in linen, as indicated by eight fragments of fabric. The only burial equipment of the deceased consisted of a mud brick used as a headrest and a pyramidal stamp seal with a Bes-shaped figure on its base found on the breastbone. This latest addition to the corpus of stamp seals represents the first amulet of its type to come from a documented primary archaeological context at the Memphite necropolis. Although this tiny find is small in size, it is of particular importance for the study of the burial customs and beliefs of the lower social strata in the Memphite necropolis. The seal most probably provides one of the earliest examples of iconographical evidence for the archetype of the god later known as Bes. Some of the archaeological material from the excavations was destroyed during the Egyptian revolution in 2011. The remaining material is examined in this paper, together with an anthropological and textile report.
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A preliminary report on the excavations of tomb AS 91 at Abusir South (autumn season 2016)

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Peterková Hlouchová M., Bělohoubková D., Sůvová Z., Havelková P.
Pražské egyptologické studie (Prague Egyptological Studies)
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2017
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issue 19
53-65
EN
This article summarises the excavations of tomb AS 91, uncovered during the autumn season of 2016 at AbusirSouth. The mastaba was highly damaged and its superstructure had almost completely disappeared. Three shafts were detected in the mastaba core. Shafts 1 and 2 were rather shallow, but to the contrary, Shaft 3 was considerably deeper, and at its bottom, an unfinished burial chamber was hewn. The burial had been looted, but a few fragmentarily preserved human bones, a fairly high number of animal remains, and even two Barn Owl skeletons were collected there. The archaeological report is supported by an archaeozoological analysis of the animal remains and by an anthropological study of the fragmentary human bones.
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Čtyři domy z města mrtvých. Předběžná zpráva o výzkumu komplexu hrobek AS 103 pod chrámem z Nové říše v jižním Abúsíru

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Odler M., Peterková Hlouchová M., Havelková P.
Pražské egyptologické studie (Prague Egyptological Studies)
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2018
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issue 20
27-34
EN
In November 2017, mud brick structures, designated as AS 103, were excavated (fig. 1) in the area of the southeastern part of the later New Kingdom temple (numbered as structures AS 70–73; fig. 2). AS 103 is a complex of four corridor chapels (in an area with measurements of 15.0 × 12.7 m). The western inner walls of each corridor chapel were decorated with single and composed niches (figs. 3–6). Interestingly enough, Niche 9 in Corridor chapel 1 was found with wooden planks on the mud brick masonry (fig. 6). Four limestone offering basins were found, one of them inscribed with a female name Nfr.t-jw=s (fig. 7). A preliminary study of the pottery enables us to date Corridor chapel 1 and 2 to the Fifth Dynasty, whereas Corridor chapels 3 and 4 might have been constructed already in the late Third Dynasty or in the early Fourth Dynasty. The excavations brought to light new information on the burial practices of non-elite people of these periods: in this particular part of Abusir, AS 103 represents the first thoroughly excavated complex of such a type of tombs, which undoubtedly continues in all directions, built chronologically from the east to the west.
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The tombs of Kaisebi (AS 76) and Ptahwer (AS 76b) at Abusir South

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Dulíková V., Jirásková L., Vymazalová H., Arias Kytnarová K., Havelková P.
Pražské egyptologické studie (Prague Egyptological Studies)
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2017
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issue 19
3-26
EN
The excavations at Abusir South have already uncovered many tombs that have added valuable information to the general knowledge of the development of the Old Kingdom society, its burial and funeral habits, and last but not least social relations and their impact on the lives of ancient Egyptian officials. One of the latest discoveries is the tomb of “the elder of the judicial hall”, Kaisebi (AS 76), and the adjoining tomb of Ptahwer (AS 76b), which are located to the south of the anonymous mastaba (AS 54), lying on the most prominent spot of the whole Abusir South area. Kaisebi and Ptahwer built their tombs between this huge mastaba (AS 54) and a recently discovered 18.5 m long ship, both dated to the end of the Third Dynasty. Tomb AS 76 was constructed in two phases in the course of the late Fifth and Sixth Dynasties. The first one consisted of a rather small rectangular mastaba with a chapel, a northern niche, a serdab, and two shafts. The cruciform chapel of Kaisebi’s mastaba with colourful wall paintings contains a well-preserved false door in situ. Later on, the original structure was enlarged by an annexe (AS 76b) attached to the eastern wall of AS 76, which included another offering place and two burial shafts.
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Raně postmerojský pohřeb lučištníka z pohoří Sabaloka

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Varadzinová Suková L., Varadzin L., Havelková P., Novák J., Pokorná A., Pokorný P.
Pražské egyptologické studie (Prague Egyptological Studies)
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2015
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issue 14
72-77
EN
In 2011, the expedition of the Czech Institute of Egyptology (Faculty of Arts, Charles University in Prague) excavated one of three tumuli on one of the settlement terraces at the late prehistoric site of Fox Hill (SBK.W-21) at Jebel Sabaloka and the Sixth Nile Cataract in central Sudan. The excavation brought to light a standard burial of an archer dated to the early post-Meroitic period with important series of archaeobotanical (pollen, macro-remains, charcoal) and palaeomalacological (land snails) data. The results of the multi-disci - plinary investigation of the tumulus discuss ed in this paper illustrate the marked, but so far only little exploited potential of these monuments, omnipresent in the archaeological land - scapes of central Sudan, for extending our knowledge of not only the burial rites, but also of the supra-regional distribution of artefacts, the character of the environment and, last but not least, of subsistence strategies in this particular period.
7
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A new tomb of transitional type from Abusir South: mastaba of Nyankhseshat (AS 104)

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Odler M., Peterková Hlouchová M., Havelková P., Sůvová Z., Arias Kytnarová K., Jirásková L., Brůna V.
Pražské egyptologické studie (Prague Egyptological Studies)
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2019
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issue 23
49-82
EN
Mastaba AS 104 is located above the Wadi Abusiri, to the south-east of the tomb of Kaaper (AS 1). It was preserved almost to the height of the former roofing, hence almost completely. The whole structure was built on a platform with a trapezoid section and, looking from the south, it must have appeared as a two-stepped structure. The core of the upper step was built of rather small undressed blocks of local limestone and contained a rectangular room (Serdab 2) and three deep shafts. It was covered with a layer of large and heavy mud bricks. The superstructure contained the main focal point of the funerary cult (cruciform chapel and Serdab 1). Contrary to other similar structures of roughly the same date, niching decorated only the eastern wall. The tomb was built for a custodian of the king’s property, Nyankhseshat, whose other titles reflect his position in the organization of work, the overseeing of gold procurement and a religious connection to metallurgy. This tomb represents, at least in the Abusir area, currently the last known tomb of transitional type. Apparently, in the Fourth or Fifth Dynasty, the main chapel fell into disuse and the mastaba was used by new owners (scribe of the treasury and royal wab-priest Sekhemka and his spouse, king’s acquaintance Henutsen), which is demonstrated by a limestone stela inserted into the eastern outer wall. Altogether five limestone basins were uncovered, four of them in situ. A number of interesting finds were collected in the shafts (wooden coffin fragments, copper and travertine models, a clay sealing, human bones, animal bones). This article presents an architectural and archaeological description of tomb AS 104 and offers some preliminary analyses of the finds, supplemented also by concise information on human and animal bones found. Last but not least, it describes documentation and methods used in the field.
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Jedna hrobka ve dvou dynastiích. Předběžná zpráva o výzkumu mastaby AS 104 v jižním Abúsíru

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Odler M., Peterková Hlouchová M., Havelková P., Sůvová Z., Arias Kytnarová A., Brůna V., Jirásková L.
Pražské egyptologické studie (Prague Egyptological Studies)
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2019
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issue 22
21-42
EN
During the spring season of 2018, the mastaba of Nyankhseshat (AS 104; 29.60 × 13.20 m), belonging to the transitional type of tombs, was excavated at Abusir South. The tomb is located to the southeast of Ity’s tomb (AS 10) on the edge of Wadi Abusiri. The whole structure, with the core of irregular limestone blocks and mud brick casing, was built on a platform with a trapezoidal section. The superstructure consisted of a cruciform chapel, Serdabs 1 and 2, three shafts and a corridor chapel. The name of the tomb owner and his most important title – property custodian of the king – were preserved on an offering basin and a wooden panel in the western wall of the chapel (with a shortened form as Ishet). The mastaba was built in the early Fourth Dynasty. However, it was reused in the first half of the Fifth Dynasty (the reign of Neferirkare) when a stela of scribe of Treasury Sekhemka and his consort, Henutsen, were added, along with four limestone offering basins found in situ in the corridor. Although all the shafts were looted, they brought to light remains of burials. Apart from human bones, the remnants of the burial equipment were uncovered, including fragments of wooden coffins, travertine and copper model vessels, ceramic sherds and a mud sealing with the name of King Neferirkare. Animal bones and natural animal mummies were collected as well. Three structures, excavated only partially, were located in the vicinity of AS 104: AS 105 (to the east), AS 107 (to the north) and AS 108 (to the south).
CS
Na samé jižní výspě abúsírské nekropole, na okraji Wádí Abúsírí, byla v průběhu jarní expedice 2018 prozkoumána poměrně rozsáhlá hrobka, označená jako AS 104 (29,60 × 13,20 m). Byla tvořena kamenným jádrem a vnějším pláštěm cihlového zdiva. Svojí architekturou spadá do kategorie tzv. hrobek přechodného typu, kombinujících prvky starší zádušní architektury z Raně dynastické doby a mladší z počátku Staré říše. Je tudíž možné ji datovat do začátku 4. dynastie, velmi pravděpodobně do doby vlády panovníka Snofrua. Jejím vlastníkem byl vysoce postavený úředník, správce královského majetku Nianchsešat. Avšak jak ukázal výzkum, mastaba byla později využívána znovu, a to před polovinou 5. dynastie. Tehdy byla minimálně jedna šachta opět použita a do východní stěny hrobky byla vsazena zdobená vápencová stéla nových majitelů – písaře pokladnice Sechemky a jeho choti Henutsen. Přestože všechny šachty byly vykradené, každá nesla stopy po pohřbu. Kromě lidských kostí byly odkryty i pozůstatky pohřební výbavy, jako např. fragmenty dřevěných rakví, travertinové a měděné modely nádob, keramické zlomky nebo otisk pečeti se jménem panovníka Neferirkarea. V průběhu výzkumu byly sesbírány nejen lidské, ale i zvířecí kosti a přírodní mumie zvířat. V nejbližším okolí mastaby se nacházely další stavby, ty byly v rámci expedice zachyceny pouze částečně: AS 105 (východně), AS 107 (severně) a AS 108 (jižně). Výzkum přinesl řadu důležitých nálezů a zjištění o málo známé době v Abúsíru, o době těsně před tím, než tuto lokalitu opustili vysocí úředníci, již se poté nechávali pohřbívat v Gíze. Jarní práce v Abúsíru rovněž poskytly informace o počátcích nové éry před polovinou 5. dynastie, kdy se zde opět začaly budovat hrobky a byly využity i již existující stavby
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