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Z archeologii symbolu: „symbola” orfików

100%
Trzcionkowski L.
Pamiętnik Literacki
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2015
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vol. 106
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issue 4
113-131
PL
Słowo "symbolon", od którego wywodzą się terminy oznaczające semiotyczną działalność człowieka, pierwotnie oznaczało konkretny materialny przedmiot służący za znak rozpoznawczy. Jego językowym odpowiednikiem było hasło ("synthema"), pozwalające rozpoznać tożsamość w ciemnościach. Z punktu widzenia historii myśli semiotycznej były "symbola" wykorzystywane w kultach misteryjnych. Niniejszy artykuł pokazuje szczególny przypadek symbolów misteryjnych. Chodzi o tzw. złote listki orfickie, czyli złote blaszki wkładane do grobów osób inicjowanych w misteria. Zapisywano na nich formuły, które dusza zmarłego powinna wygłosić w świecie podziemnym, oraz opis drogi pośmiertnej w mrokach Hadesu. Dobrym narzędziem analizy tych tekstów, z uwagi na ich performatywny charakter i ścisły związek z materialną formą, jest teoria semioforów Krzysztofa Pomiana.
EN
The word "symbolon", from which terms referring to human semiotic activities derives, primarily meant a concrete material object used as an identification. Its linguistic counterpart was the term "synthēma" allowing to recognize identity in darkness. From the point of view of the history of semiotic thought, "symbola" were used in mystery cults. The present article shows a special type of mystery symbols, namely Orphist gold leaves: gold-leaf tablets put into the graves of those initiated into mysteries. They contained written formulas the soul of the deceased would cite in the underworld, and a description of his way after death in the dark realm of Hades. A convincing tool for analysis of the texts in question is Krzysztof Pomian’s theory of semiophors due to a semiophor’s performative character and its close connection to material form.
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Rytuał ofi ary w starożytnej Grecji. Kilka uwag metodologicznych

100%
Trzcionkowski L.
Studia Religiologica
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2009
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vol. 42
PL
SACRIFICIAL RITUAL IN ANCIENT GREECE. SOME METHODOLOGICAL REMARKSThe article discusses some selected problems in analysis of ritual in the religion of ancient Greeks. Part one presents the history of study of the relationship between myth and ritual, focusing on principal ideas which appeared in the late 19th century. A turn toward ritual in studying ancient religion meant a shift in emphasis away from mythology. Nonetheless, questions about links between mythological texts and rituals still remain part of research scope. In the 1960’s, scholars’ attention focused on sacrificial ritual, with various interpretative methods being used. Walter Burkert proposed a pre-agrarian origin of blood sacrifi ces, tracing them to the behavior of Paleolithic hunters. Jean-Pierre Vernant (with associates) used structuralist methods to interpret offerings as a symbolic expression of man’s status as between gods and beasts. Thus Burkert’s theory explains myths as a cultural interpretation of inherited rituals which may be reduced to biologically programmed behavior, while Vernant’s theory sees myth and ritual as two forms expressing the  anthropological concepts of Greek Man. In part two, the article contains translations of key source texts, proving that, on close reading, they  ender great theories less than obvious.
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