В статье предпринята попытка приблизить философскую инициативу русского философа Н.К. Михайловского, представителя т.н. ядра русского народничества. Внимание сосредоточено на убеждении русского автора в том, что невозможно определить смысл истории. Это убеждение будет сопоставляться с его взглядом, что в процессе истории допустимо раскрытие определенных закономерностей, правил, порядка и также идентификация неоспоримых фактов. Убеждение о бессмысленности истории ведёт к проблематизации дальнейших мотивов, таких как человек, изложение и понимание истории и также прогресс общества. Именно идея прогресса должна быть предметом реализации и наполнения действительной жизни общества.
EN
The article attempts to approximate the philosophical ideas of the Russian philosopher N.K. Mikhailovsky, one of representant of the Russian narodism. Attention is focused on the conviction of the Russian author that it is impossible to determine the meaning of the history. This belief is compare with his view that in the course of history it is permissible to disclose certain regularities, rules, order and also the identification of undeniable facts. The belief about the meaninglessness of history leads to the problematization of further motives, such as a person, the presentation and understanding of history and also the progress of society. It is the idea of progress that should be the object of realizing and filling the actual life of society.
The Enlightenment represents a frequently reflected and, at the same time, also updated tradition. The Enlightenment ideas have become a theoretical-methodological base for thinking as such by its connection to a social or social-political praxis, what can be seen even in the contemporary confrontation with the Enlightenment legacy. The paper analyses the Enlightenment as a unique historical phenomenon – it deals with its explicit as well as its practical-political features – within the Russian milieu. In the basic outline, the paper presents a critical survey of the selected bibliographical sources. It primarily focuses on a historical-philosophical problematics and identification of three phases which can be found within a genesis of the Enlightenment thinking in Russia. The second part of the paper offers the characteristics of distinctive intellectual environments participating in a forming of the Enlightenment tradition in Russian thinking, and overlapping into actual political and social happenings. To these environments belong aristocratic associations, the Masonic lodges, and also educational institutions established and controlled by the state – spiritual academies and universities.
Tento čitateľovi predkladaný text je venovaný filozofii ako špecifickej intelektuálne činnosti, ktorá je ilustrovaná na príklade revolučne orientovaného myslenia Petra N. Tkačova. Práca obsahuje vstupný náčrt a hodnotenie ruského filozofického myslenia druhej polovice devätnásteho storočia a tiež hodno-tenie jej vzťahu so spoločenským životom a dianím vymedzenej doby. Je predstavené hodnotenie tohto vzťahu aj z pohľadu Petra N. Tkačova. Po úvodných úvahách, naznačení vstupných rámcov a po prib-lížení ich hodnotenia sa text sústreďuje na hlavnú otázku, ktorú je možné sformulovať nasledovne: Kto je spôsobilý vymedziť to, čim je progres? Na základe štúdia prác Tkačova je možné odpovedať na takto formulovanú otázku viecerými spôsobmi. Práca je zámerne písaná s otvoreným záverom, snaží sa totiž poukázať na istý problém, ktorý môže byť výzvou pre skúmania v horizonte budúcnosti.
EN
In the paper, the meaning of philosophy as a specific intellectual activity would be presented on the example of revolutionary thoughts of Peter Tkachov. The paper concerns with the understanding of philosophy, its characteristics and status within the Russian intellectual movement in the second half of the 19th century. The understanding of both, individual and social functions of philosophy in the work of Tkachov revolutionary writing, is introduced. The paper is set within a wider framework of Thachov thoughts and his idea of progress. After connecting these two specific topics of Tkachov, the question is formulated: Who is capable to answer the question of what is progress? While looking for an answer and studying works of Tkachov, a wide spectrum of possible variations is offered. The work is purposely conceptualized with an opened closure to present a concrete problem for further analysis and discussion.
The contribution is a result of author’s interest in the legacy of Russian Narodism and, within its framework, the works of Petr Lavrovich Lavrov (1823 – 1900). The contribution analyses that part of Lavrov’s extensive work which could be labelled as philosophy of history. The selected part of Lavrov’s works are a result of his long-term interest and effort to interconnect philosophical reflections with the real needs of political practice in the Russian context of the second half of the 19th century. Lavrov´s views can be seen as a critical reflection of values created by the Byzantine and Slavic spirituality. Faith is not accepted as faith in God. It is regarded as a strong belief which can lead to political action and social change. It is a belief in goals created by man. This represents the fundament for the creation of a better world. In that respect, one can identify Lavrov’s distinctive reflections concerning the values and actions based on these values. Actions, based on certain values, and the process of realisation of shared or accepted value frameworks, represent, in Lavrov’s understanding, the basis, or the starting point for a definition of man and (as an) individual, as an acting individual.
The presented article aims on introducing the pre-conditions, existing state and perspectives for further development of professional ethnic theatres in Slovakia and Ukraine. Theatres, and its ethnic representations, are the most cultivated and most moderate forms of political and civic engagement. This study is an insight into the legislative norms determining the conditions and possibilities for the functioning of ethnics professional theatre groups. This insight is based on the norms of EU, the Constitution of SR and UA, and individual legal norms on the level of local public administration. The study also describes how the funding mechanism of these theatres works.
The research which results are presented by this paper focused on legal migration conditions. It focused on control of the legal migration at the Slovak-Ukrainian Schengen border. The first part of the paper aimed at description of legal migration management at this part of the Schengen border. This part of the paper focused also on migration legislative framework. The second, analytical part reveals the main resulted from interviews conducted with 31 officers of the Slovak border guards from Bureau of Border and Alien Police. Its aim is to examine and reflect the perspectives of border control procedures, labour conditions, functionality of the managing structures, the communication between subordinates and theirs commanding officers.
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