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1
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Zapotrzebowanie na żywność oraz bilans żywnościowy w strefie żywicielskiej woj. miejskiego łódzkiego

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Bernacka-Baranowa J., Kołatek N., Uniwersytet Łódzki I. P. R.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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1983
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vol. 28
EN
The article begins with a short description of nourishment norms and trends in real food consumption in Poland followed by definition of demand for food in the food zone of Łódź administrative province baing besed on nourishment norm D and average national consumption level. The performed food balance being a comparison between raw agricultural production and demand for food revealed that in the late seventies this zone was able to ensure the consumption of staple foodstuffs for the entire population inhabiting this area both at the level of nourishment norm D and at the average national level: to meet also oth er needs such as export, reproduction etc. Moreover, it accumulated surpluses of grain, meat, potatoes, and sugar beets. On the other hand, production of eggs and milk was insufficient within this zone.
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Delimitacja strefy żywicielskiej woj. miejskiego łódzkiego

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Bernacka-Baranowa J., Uniwersytet Łódzki I. P. R.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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1983
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vol. 28
EN
Each settlement unit creates a round it a zone on which it exerts an influence, and which is called the key region. The primary ties between the town and the region are reflected in flows of population, goods, and information, while the secondary ties are expressed in the changing structure and appearance of the surrounding area. The zone of Łódź influence has been determined according to the followtng formula. It encompasses the area of administrative provinces of Łódź, Sieradz, Piotrków, and certain administrative districts in provinces of Kalisz, Konin, Włocławek, Płock and Skierniewice. It the present natural, and socio-economic conditions of Central Poland the key region of the administrative urban province of Łódź may be treated as its food zone, which was confirmed by theoretical and empirical studies.
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Produkcja roślinna

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Niepsuj A., Uniwersytet Łódzki I. P. R.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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1983
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vol. 28
EN
A big urban centre, as an absorptive consumer market of foodstuffs, exerts an influence on the profile of the agricultural production in neighbouring areas through market mechanisms. The theoretically delimitated area of the food zone in the urban administrative province of Łódź occupies 2,381.3 thousand hectare, and encompasses eight administrative units (provinces). This area is characterized with a distinct predominance of the agricultural function, which is reflected, among others, in a high percentage share of arabie land in the overall area considerably exceeding the national average figures. The biggest part of areas under crop is utilized for grains (55 p.c.), includlng mainly rye, which is cultivated almost twice as much intensively than the national average. Production of grains predominates in the central part of Sieradz province and in the eastern part of Piotrków province. Among the remaining crops, potatoes, sugar beets, and field cultures are of the biggest consumer importance. Production of food of vegetable origin in this zone accounts for ca. 10 per cent of the overall national production. In particular kinds of crops this share amounts to: grain — 9.7 per cent, potatoes — 11.6 per cent, vegetables — 10.2 per cent, fruit — 8.2 per cent. The northern areas of the food zone boast the highest agricultural productivity and those belonging to Piotrków province — the lowest. On the basis of the available planning reports and prevailing trends of changes in the land-cultivation structure, the author performed a rough estimation of production size (Table 7), which revealed favourable prospects of full satisfaction of food demand in Łódź agglomeration in the field of products of vegetable origin.
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Zatrudnienie w rolnictwie jako czynnik jego rozwoju

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Bernacka-Baranowa J., Kołatek N., Uniwersytet Łódzki I. P. R.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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1983
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vol. 28
EN
A basic trend in demographic changes occuring in administrative provinces of Central Poland is reduction in the number of agricultural population. In as much as in 1950 the sh a re of population making its livelihood in the agriculture ranged between 36.4 perc. (Kalisz province) and 52.6 perc. (Sieradz province) in 1978 it amounted from 30.4 p er cent to 43.0 per cent respectively. An exception here is the industrial urban province of Łódź in which the agricultural population represented only 4.5 p er cent of the total population. Changes in the number of the population making its livelihood in the agriculture were reflected in the manpower supply measured by the number of the professionally active people per 100 ha of arable land. In all administrative provinces it shows a close correlation with the area structure of farms, level of mechanisation and specialization of the agriculture and ecological conditions. Due to the manpower outflow from the agriculture the Professional structure of the population in provinces of Central Poland will change as well. According to estimates made by the authors in 1990 the share of the population making its livelihood in the agriculture will exceed the national average (12.7 per cent) in this area, and it will amount from 18.9 per cent in Piotrków administrative province to 32.8 per cent in Włocławek province (and 3.1 per cent in the urban province of Łódź).
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Zasoby paszowe i produkcja zwierzęca

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Rouba H., Uniwersytet Łódzki I. P. R.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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1983
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vol. 28
EN
The article discusses the present sta e in the animal production within the food zone of th e urban administrative province of Łódź against the background of fodder supplies. There is also outlined the concept of development of these food economy spheres till 1990. The food zone in question, despite its insignificant fodder resources, is charaoterized with a big size of livestock and big marketability of the animal production. The spatial distribution of animal breeding and of market-oriented production is differentiated by natural and socio-economic factors. Intensification of the fodder base and its proper utilization will pave the way for rational development of the animal production, and thus for increased production of food in the food zone of Lódź administrative province.
6
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Produkcja ogrodnicza pod osłonami

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Stolarczyk B., Uniwersytet Łódzki I. P. R.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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1983
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vol. 28
EN
In 1976 the hothouse horticultural production in the food zone belonging to Łódź urban administrative province was concentrated mainly in provinces of Łódź, Kalisz, and Piotrków. The glasshouse production was strongly developed glasshouse area per one inhabitant of towns was 70 per cent higher than the national average. On the other hand, production under foil was insufficiently developed. Distribution of glasshouses, hotbeds, and foil tunnels was characterized with a big spatial differentiation. The hothouse area was mainly used for cultivation of vegetables, first of all tomatoes and cucumbers. Production of vegetables per one inhabitant of towns exceeded by over 40 per cent the national level. Forecast of the horticultural production development till 1990 envisages that the hothouse area will reach 700 ha, with the biggest exparasion to be noted in the case of foil tunnels and the smallest in hotbeds. The highest increment rate will be observed in provinces of Konin and Włocławek, and the smallest in those of Łódź and Kalisz. Production of vegetables will grow two-and-a half fold, and will reach the level of 36,000 ton. It will be mainly coming from provinces of Łódź, Piotrków, Kalisz, and Konin. In the long run disproportions in spatial distribution of the hothouse horticultural production will be reduced.
7
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Przyrodnicze podstawy

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Gładysz R., Uniwersytet Łódzki I. P. R.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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1983
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vol. 28
EN
The natural conditions within the food zone of Łódź urban administrative province are rather unfavourable for intensive agricultural production. The restricting elements include, first of all, the Iow precipitation sum especially at the time of intensive growth of plants, and too high share of soils with low bonitation classes poorly equipped with nutritive components and subject to overdrying. This accounts for a relatively big intensification of rye-and-potato crops giving on the average lower yields than the national average. This is best noticeable in southem regions of the zone. The northern part of the food zone has the most favourable index of agricultural effectiveness. That is due to, a suitable character of the land sculpture (mainly plains or small elevations) and soils of wheat complexes appearing here. Despite relatively low indexes, the natural conditions in the examined area do not reistrict develapment of crops production. At present they are utilized to an average degree. It is possible to expand largely the intensive crops cultivation area through better development of land reclamation and fertilization. The biggest reserves of growth of crops production exist in the northern and central parts of the food zone, and especially on soils of the very good rye complex and good wheat copliex.
8
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Rolnicze użytkowanie ziemi w obszarze środkowej Polski

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Niepsuj A., Uniwersytet Łódzki I. P. R.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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1981
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vol. 11
EN
The discussed area of Central Poland occupies 37,776,6 km2, i. e. 12,1 per cent of the total area of Poland. From the adr ministrative division point of view it encompasses administrative provinces of Kalisz, Konin, Łódź., Płock, Piotrków, Sieradz, Skierniewice, and Włocławek. Statistical analyses were based on the agricultural census from 1975. A favourable natural feature affecting the agriculture is the sculpture of the earth's surface being characterized with absence of major changes of level although it is scenically diversified by a quaternary glacier and a long vegetation period (from 209 to 216 days) with a favourable distribution of temperatures. The soil conditions are less favourable (predominance of not very fertile soils - 3rd and 4th bonitation class) similarly to precipitation (550 mm annually). The area under survey is characterized by a high percentage of land being used for agricultural purposes (arable land accounts for 72 per cent of total area), which exerts an influence on directions of land utilization (see table 3). The article discusees spatial distribution and intensity of basic crops in private farms, which are a predominant form of land ownership here. Applying B. Kopeć’s method there were determined 16 trends in utilization of arable land (grouped into 9 types) on the basis of the crops structure. This allowed to assess utilization of arable land and perform its cartographic interpretation (tabl. 4, Fig. 4).
9
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Zastosowanie modelu grawitacji do wyznaczenia powiązań przestrzennych Łodzi z zapleczem

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Bernacka-Baranowa J., Uniwersytet Łódzki I. P. R.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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1981
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vol. 11
PL
W artykule prezentuje się dwa sposoby rozwiązania modelu grawitacji dla dwóch układów terytorialnych: dla byłego województwa łódzkiego i teoretycznej strefy wpływu Łodzi. Przeprowadza się weryfikację statystyczną wyników oraz porównuje rozwiązania modelowe ze stanem rzeczywistym.
EN
Spatial links between Łódź and its raw material sources were analyzed on the example of raw material supplies to meat processing plants. For her analysis the author employed the gravitation model solving it in two ways. The first one consisted in reducing the gravitation formula to the regression model, and the other one in accepting a priori the index of the power and estimating coefficient G by applying the potential model. Estimations were thus made for two territorial systems of the former administrative province of Łódź and the theoretical zone of Łódź influence estimated on the basis of Converse’s formula and premises provided by an empirical analysis. Deviations between theoretical and real ties allowed to determine areas' of surpluses, equilibrium, and shortages in supplies. Comparative analysis of both employed ways of solving the accepted function revealed that the second way of model solution yields better results from the point of view of optimization of the food-provision zone of Łódź. The functions of such zone in the light of the performed analysis are carried out best by. the second spatial system, according to the second way of the model solution.
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Mechanizmy rozmieszczenia produkcji szklarniowej w wielkomiejskich układach osadniczych Polski na przykładzie Łodzi

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Stolarczyk B., Uniwersytet Łódzki I. P. R.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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1981
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vol. 11
EN
Spatial distribution of hothouse production in large urban settlement structures is determined by a number of social, economic, environmental, and historical factors as regards its spatial coverage, intensity, and directions of spatial expansion. The most important from among these factors are considered to be: long traditions of horticultural production in towns and suburban zones, size and absorptive power of the market estimated according to the number of non-agricultural population along with its food requirements and purchasing power, institutional forms of hothouse production functioning, size of settlement structures and dynamics of their development, dynamics and directions of spatial expansion, availability of trasport facilities from production site to sale points, and degree of air pollution in heavily urbanized and industrialized zones. Positive or negative influence of particular factors being correlated with one another determines primarily mechanisms of forming territorial systems of hothouse production in heavily urbanized areas. Pull understanding of these mechanisms provides a proper basis for planning and programming of spatial distribution and development of hothouse production in the analyzed areas.
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Stan i perspektywy gospodarki wodnej w dorzeczu Luciąży

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Gładysz R., Uniwersytet Łódzki I. P. R.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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1981
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vol. 11
EN
The author presents the present situation and the most urgent tasks concerning the water economy in the area of the river basin (760 km ) threatened with water deficit, the western part of which will be soon encompassed by a depression funnel of Bełchatów lignite mine. The Luciąża river, left tributary of the Pilica river flows into the Sulejów reservoir. The average flow of the river at its mouth reaches 4,7 ms per second. The river water in the Luciąża basin is mainly used for agricultural purposes, and, first of all, for irrigation of ameliorated grassland (ca. 2,000 hectares), and for supplying fish ponds with water (ca. 150 hectares). Water requirements of the population and the industry are supplied by the underground water with about 70 per cent of all farms using shallow topsoil and alluvial waters. Water supply systems in rural, areas are few and far between. The most important tasks facing the water economy in the Luciąża river basin include: - improvement of purity of the Luciąża river and its main tributaries so that they do not impair the sanitary level of the Sulejów reservoir; - ample provision of water for agriculture and forestry, first of all for the area which is directly affected by the Bełchatów lignite mine through construction of central water supply systems based on deep intakes of the underground water and transfer of water from other river basins (the Pilica and the Widawka rivers) as well as storage of it in agricultural storage reservoirs. Bigger reservoirs should be built on the upper course of the Luciąża and the Bogdanówka. Water deficit in the Luciąźa river basin for 1985 is estimated at ca. 40-50 million cubic metres.
12
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Podstawowe tendencje rozwoju demograficznego w regionie środkowej Polski

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Kołatek J., Uniwersytet Łódzki I. P. R.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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1981
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vol. 11
EN
The region of Central Poland comprising the administrative provinces of Kalisz, Konin, Łódź, Piotrków, Płock, Sieradz, Skierniewice, and Włocławek has become an area of dynamic industrial development in the last two decades accompanied by intensification of migratory movement and territorial changes in demographic structure. These changes were most dynamic in the administrative provinces of Konin and Płock in which, due to putting on stream new industrial projects, the number of population grew by 86 per cent over the period of 1946-1975. In the remaining area of Central Poland the index of urban density growth (with 1946 = 100) amounted from 153 in the province of Włocławek to 166 in those of Sieradz and Skierniewice. The economic development leads to intensification of migratory movement from villages to towns as a result of which in majority of the discussed provinces there can be observed a decline in the number of rural population reaching ca. 10 per cent in relation to 1946. The outflow of population from villages to towns produces also changes in the employment structure. In 1975 the total number of people employed outside agriculture in Central Poland exceeded 50 per cent of the overall number of the professionally active population. The trends of demographic changes as presented above exert an influence on the manpower resources economy which must be duly taken into account when drafting economic development plans for the above mentioned administrative provinces.
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Produkcja rolnicza w obszarze środkowej Polski

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Rouba H., Uniwersytet Łódzki I. P. R.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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1981
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vol. 11
EN
Effects of agricultural production in the analysed group of eight administrative provinces of Central Poland are favourably affected by: suitable geographical situation in central part of Poland with easy access to absorptive market for agricultural produce, well developed network of roads, sculpture of the land, long vegetation period, quite considerable manpower resources, and other factors. On the other hand, on the negative side there must be listed unfavourable soils (with the exception of the administrative provinces of Płock and Włocławek), low precipitation, bad quality of beaten tracks, low density of railway lines, and poor capital intensity in agriculture. Effects of agricultural production assessed on the basis of intensify of agricultural utilization of land and animal breeding, crop yields and effectiveness of animal production, ratio of the marketable surplus to the total output etc. are best in the administrative provinces of Włocławek, Płock, Kalisz, and Sieradz, and lowest - in those of Piotrków, and Skierniewice. Typically rural character of agricultural production in the urban province of Łódź despite proximity of the absorptive market for agricultural produce is quite amazing here. The above mentioned group of administrative provinces of Central Poland accounts for a much bigger share of the national food production than its share of arable land. Absence of land reserves poses a requirement of better and better utilization of the available land resources through technological, social, and economic modernization of the whole agricultural production in Central Poland.
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Swoistość regionalna kompleksu rolno-żywnościowego środkowej Polski

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Olszewski T., Uniwersytet Łódzki I. P. R.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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1981
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vol. 11
EN
So far, Central Poland cannot be said to be an explicitly defined spatial concept, although multifarious historical, socio-economic and natural determinants outline in the middle of the present Poland’s territory an area, which is clearly delimited in the administrative sense indeed, but poorly coherent internally while externally evidently contrasting with the surrounding counties. Enclosing within its boundaries two large urban and industrial agglomerations of Warsaw and Łódź, some industrial districts and nuclei - Central Poland constitutes an especially absorptive outlet for foodstuffs turned out in the local agriculture and food-processing plants as well. Market linkages of long tradition, systematically deepened by current co-operation between urban settlement network and rural productive areas, form an increasingly better outlined food and agriculture complex, both in spatial and structural respects. Just this kind of links makes one of specific features enabling Central Poland to be looked upon as an economic region.
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