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Igrzyska Afrykańskie i Najwyższa Rada Sportu w Afryce jako inicjatywy na rzecz zbliżenia państw afrykańskich

100%
Kobierecki M. M.
Przegląd Zachodni
|
2018
|
issue 4(369)
133-145
EN
There are a number of ways in which sport might be instrumentalized in international relations. One of them refers to the use of its non-political character and popularity in order to shape international proximity and more positive relations between states. Such instrumentalization is referred to as sport diplomacy, a category that is classed as a part of public diplomacy. The aim of the article is to investigate how sport has been used in order to strengthen the proximity and ties among African states. Two initiatives have been considered: the African Games and the Supreme Council for Sport in Africa. The research is a case study which refers to Africa, as in the history of sport there have also been other multilateral attempts to instrumentalize sport for the sake of international proximity. In the analysis the motivation behind the initiatives has been particularly considered. The article attempts to verify the hypothesis that existence of political regimes dominated by white minorities in Africa (RSA, Rhodesia) was an integrative element for the other African states in the field of international sport.
2
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Boycott of the Los Angeles 1984 Olympic Games as an Example of Political Play-Acting of the Cold War Superpowers

100%
Kobierecki M. M.
Polish Political Science Yearbook
|
2015
|
vol. 44
93-111
EN
Sports boycott is one of the most important dimension of sport colliding with politics. The subject of the article is the boycott of the Los Angeles Olympic Games in 1984, one of the most spectacular boycotts, which was conducted by communist countries. It is widely recognized, that Los Angeles Olympics were boycotted as a result of a similar action by Western countries towards Moscow Olympics in 1980. However, evidence proves that there was no decision concerning communist boycott of Los Angeles Olympics until a few months before the Games. Preparations to the Olympics were on their way, but unexpected change of Soviet leader resulted in the boycott. Safety reasons were the declared reason for the boycott of the Soviet Union and 13 other communist countries. Nevertheless, it is evident that the real reasons were connected with the political game of USSR. The probable actual aims were the desire to hit the first ever privately financed Olympic Games and to make it harder for American president Ronald Raegan to be reelected. Naturally, at least partly it was also a matter of revenge for boycotting the Moscow Games.
3
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Sports Performance and Shaping International Image of a China: Towards Beijing 2008 Olympic Games

100%
Kobierecki M. M.
Polish Political Science Yearbook
|
2017
|
vol. 1 (46)
138–150
EN
China is a country that has been using sport in order to reach political goals for many years. Lately such political exploitation of sport is directed at shaping the desirable international image of this country. This is done most of all through hosting sports events, but also through sports victories. The last aspect is the subject of this research. The aim of the article is therefore to investigate the issue of utilization of performance in international sport in order to enhance international image of a China. The research presented in the article is a case study concerning sport as a tool of nation-branding. Its main objective is to analyse motivation of China’s decision-makers to use sports performance in order to enhance the country’s international perception, and to observe how this goals is executed. The main hypothesis to be tested states that China perceives sports performance as an important tool of enhancing its international image.
4
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Ping–Pong Diplomacy and its Legacy in the American Foreign Policy

100%
Kobierecki M. M.
Polish Political Science Yearbook
|
2016
|
vol. 45
304–316
EN
The aim of the paper is to investigate ping–pong diplomacy between the Unites States and China, which was used by both countries as a diplomatic tool, aimed at achieving political rapprochement despite ideological dissonance and conflict over Taiwan. Both governments were seeking a way to establish closer relations but the circumstances prevented them from traditional diplomatic contacts. Sports exchange proved to be a convenient solution. In the paper the Author attempts to verify a hypothesis on a subsequent legacy of the ping–pong diplomacy in American foreign policy. The study allowed to determine reasons for the need to employ sport in order to establish closer relations between two hostile actors of international relations. It is an attempt to answer a question concerning the intentional or coincidental character of the analysed sports exchange. The paper is an empirical case study on one of the prime examples of positive sports diplomacy and was conducted with the use of decision–making.
5
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INTERNATIONAL SPORT IN THE STRUGGLE FOR POLITICAL COOPERATION

100%
Kobierecki M. M.
Polish Political Science Yearbook
|
2014
|
vol. 43
311-330
EN
Political significance of sport is usually bound with international rivalry and conflict. However, sport tends to have a role in fostering international dialogue and cooperation as well. The aim of the article is to present the most important examples of this role of international sport. There is a number of examples verifying the hypothesis about consensual role of sport in international politics. Despite political significance, sport is not purely a part of the world of politics. This situation grants sport with an advantage in possibility of establishing international cooperation. Some actions that could seem completely impossible concerning political reality, turned out to be possible in sport. Sports contacts can pave the way for a further, political agreements. For instance a number of specific ‘sports diplomacies’ have taken place, that were used by some countries in order to enhance their capabilities of impacting the international political system.
6
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Kultura fizyczna a kultura – rozważania teoretyczne

100%
Kobierecki M. M.
Zeszyty Naukowe Zbliżenia Cywilizacyjne
|
2016
|
vol. 12
|
issue 1
116-143
PL
Celem artykułu jest analiza terminu kultura fizyczna jako istotnego elementu szerszej kultury. W polskim piśmiennictwie naukowym pojęcie to nie zawsze jest rozpatrywane z perspektywy jego związków z ogólną kulturą, pojawiają się wręcz opinie, iż nie należy zaliczać go do kultury. Główną tezę artykułu stanowi stwierdzenie, iż kultura fizyczna stanowi część ogólnej kultury i w oparciu o nią powinna być rozpatrywana. Podjęta zostanie także próba odpowiedzi na pytanie dotyczące powodów braku zgody odnośnie tak fundamentalnego zagadnienia, jak związek pomiędzy kulturą fizyczną a kulturą.
EN
The aim of the article is to analyze the term physical culture as an important element of culture in general. In Polish scientific literature the term is not always considered from the perspective of its association with culture. There are even views that it should not be regarded as a part of it. According to the main hypothesis, physical culture is an element of culture in general. An attempt to answer the question about the reasons for lack of consensus concerning such a fundamental issue as the association between culture and physical culture will also be conducted.
7
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Pacyfistyczny wymiar międzynarodowego sportu

100%
Kobierecki M. M.
Zeszyty Naukowe Zbliżenia Cywilizacyjne
|
2015
|
vol. 11
113-132
PL
Upolitycznienie sportu ma najczęściej charakter rywalizacyjny i taki też jego wymiar jest najczęściej przedmiotem badań naukowych. Celem artykułu jest natomiast przeanalizowanie innej funkcji międzynarodowego sportu – związanej z preferowaniem pokojowej koegzystencji i współpracy państw. Główną hipotezę stanowi zatem stwierdzenie, że sport może odgrywać pacyfistyczną rolę w międzynarodowej polityce. Będzie ona rozpatrywana w odniesieniu do przypadków, w których państwa wrogie wobec siebie za sprawą sportu ocieplały wzajemne relacje.
EN
Sport politics is a term typically connected to political rivalry and such dimension is most often the subject of scientific research. The aim of the article is therefore to analyse another function of sport – as a tool of promoting peaceful coexistence and cooperation between states. According to the main hypothesis, sport can be used as a pacifistic tool in international politics as well. In order to verify the hypothesis, various examples of hostile states using sport to better their relations will be investigated.
8
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Canada – USSR Hockey Exchanges. Between Positive and Negative Sports Diplomacy

100%
Kobierecki M. M.
Historia i Polityka
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2016
|
issue 18(25)
9-32
EN
The aim of the article is to investigate the issue of hockey diplomacy between Canada and the Soviet Union, which was held in 1970s. It encompassed a series of exhibition matches in ice hockey, which were directly aimed to improve relations between the two states belonging to different Cold War alliances. In the article an attempt to verify a number of hypotheses was made. According to the main one, the hockey exchanges were in fact a fusion of positive and negative sports diplomacy. The second hypothesis states that hockey diplomacy was at the same time an effect and a tool of Canadian and Soviet desire to better their bilateral relations, while according to the last one, selection of ice hockey was adequate concerning the diplomatic objective of political rapprochement.
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American-Soviet Track and Field Exchanges as a Tool of Shaping Bilateral Political Relations

100%
Kobierecki M. M.
Historia i Polityka
|
2017
|
issue 20(27)
65-78
EN
The aim of the research is to investigate the track and field exchanges between the United States and the Soviet Union in the Cold War era, in search of their role in shaping bilateral relations between the two states. Particular attention has been paid to the motivation of respective subjects. The research allowed to test the hypothesis stating that the track and field exchanges were an attempt to bring the two countries closer and to achieve propaganda benefits simultaneously.
10
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Internet Memes as an Example of Political Dissatisfaction of Poles on the Internet

100%
Kobierecki M. M.
Kwartalnik Naukowy OAP UW "e-Politikon"
|
2014
|
issue 9
243-269
EN
The article deals with the issue of Internet memes concerning politics. Internet memes can be described as humorous contents that are created and shared via Internet. They can be regarded as one of the ways of commenting on political reality, available to ordinary people. In the article examples of situations when activities of politicians received responses from Internet users using Internet memes have been presented. According to the main hypothesis, these entertaining contents can be regarded as examples of political activity of the Poles on the Internet.
PL
Artykuł dotyczy zagadnienia memów internetowych odnoszących się do polityki. Memami internetowymi można określić humorystyczne treści, które są tworzone i udostępniane przez internautów. Można je uznać za jeden ze sposobów komentowania sytuacji politycznej, który jest dostępna dla „zwykłych ludzi”. W  artykule przedstawione zostały przykładowe sytuacje, w których działania polityków spotykały się z odpowiedzią internautów przy użyciu memów internetowych. Zgodnie z główną hipotezą te rozrywkowe treści mogą być uznane ze przykład aktywności politycznej Polaków w Internecie.
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