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Socjologiczna analiza świadectwa chrześcijańskiego

100%

Majka J.

Roczniki Nauk Społecznych

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1975

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vol. 3

177-195

EN

The witnessing of salvation, which is one of the basic functions of the Church, is realized In a historical and social reality and as such is subject to sociological analysis as far as it is a religious and social act, a system of social transmission of volues; it is subject to sociological analysis as far as methods and means proper to similar social acts are applied. One must remember, however, specific character of this type of a social act which is a particular way of participating in religious truths and thus having its own particular way of their transmission. The author tries to define this specificity, at the same time, showing in what sense the believer of a religious truth may be its witness. The concept of Christian witnessing, witnessing of salvation, has an analogous character and thus the concept of the Witness as an object of the witnessing is analogous. This Witness is Christ himself, the Church and also every Christian. Te article deals also with the conditions which are necessarily met by every witness of salvation. Analysing the object of witnessing the author discusses the problem of integrality and clearness of the witnessing and the so-called policy of witnessing. Turning to an analysis of means of witnessing the author discusses in turn: witnessing of the Christian presence, verbal witnessing, especially dialogue, finally witnessing of an act and symbol, taking into consideration, in particular, the importance of witnessing of sacrifice and also participation in liturgical rites as a means of witnessing. The author discusses not only sociological methods of social actions but also those specific for witnessing such as the method of participation and the method of a dialogue. Other methods such as that of prevention, positive persuation and social suggestion are examined from the point of view of their usefulness in the action of witnessing with an emphasis put on a specific character of the application of these methods. Discussing finally the goals and results of witnessing the author distinguishes objective goals of witnessing from those put forward by the witness, and those goals which the witness tires to achieve from the motivation of the witness. These distinctions allow one to evaluate not only the very act but also its results. This problem may - according to the author - constitue a subject for a separate examination and analysis.

2

Nauczanie społeczne Prymasa Polski

100%

Majka J.

Roczniki Nauk Społecznych

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1982

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vol. 10

89-104

PL

Tak szeroko zarysowany temat wymagałby całego tomu, a może nawet kilku i jego podejmowanie w ramach skromnego z natury rzeczy artykułu jest o tyle ryzykowne, że stwarza niebezpieczeństwo ograniczenia się do pewnej liczby ogólników, które nie wniosą nic nowego ponad to, o czym już i tak wszyscy wiedzą. Zadanie wydaje się ułatwiać, ale i utrudnia, fakt, że temat nie jest bynajmniej nietknięty. /.../

3

Uczony i działacz

100%

Majka J.

Roczniki Nauk Społecznych

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1990

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vol. 18

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issue 1

15-24

EN

The author emphasizes that Prof. Cz. Strzeszewski has significantly or even decisively contributed to the shaping of a scientific discipline which is the Catholic social teaching in Poland. Cz. Strzeszewski introduces in the Catholic social teaching a certain novelty, that is, he finds its basic principles in personalism. He draws on the philosophy of Maritain and St Thomas Aquinas. Without this philosophical-social and ethical background the Catholic social teaching would only be a set of indications issued by the Church’s hierarchy in particular social-economic and political conditions. It would cease to be a theological science but at most one of the social or political doctrines. Prof. Strzeszewski has created the Lublin School of Catholic social teaching at the Catholic University of Lublin (KUL). In order to set up a school one needs some external conditions. They were positive and negative alike. To the positive belonged the fact that Prof. Strzeszewski had every confidence on the part of the Church hierarchy, in particular Card. S. Wyszyn´ ski’s, the Primate of Poland. The position of the Catholic university of Lublin was conducive to it. There were also unfavourable conditions and those which had ambivalent results which, in a sense, played a positive role such as: a) promoting Marxism as an official ideology of the state (the pressure of indoctrination resulted in an interest in the Catholic social teaching); b) abrogation of the Faculty of Law and Social-Economic Sciences at KUL, expulsion of many professors from the University, among whom was prof. Strzeszewski (the establishment of the so-called Section of Practical Philosophy at the Faculty of Christian Philosophy caused that the Catholic social teaching was being formed in a close contact with the philosophical milieu, searching for its bases in the philosophy of man, social philosophy and ethics). Prof. Strzeszewski had a very clear conception of this scientific discipline. On the one hand, he was entirely faithful to the Church’s teaching, and on the other, he took advantage of theological findings, philosophy, economy, politology, and the methodology of social sciences. He consciously directed his pupils’ research to borderline areas, thus promoting the ideas of interdisciplinary or even multidisciplinary investigations. The list of disciplines to which he „delegated” his pupils and which were presented at KUL or other universities is very long. A broad spectrum of research which was at the same time being systematized have brought about good results. It suited the multidisciplinary postulate in which particular questions should be approached, and in consequence a broad and more profound way of viewing them. „The social teaching of John Paul II is developed and made yet more profound by this direction of the Catholic social teaching which has been worked out in the Lublin School, namely, the personalistic direction”. Prof. Strzeszewski is also a Catholic social worker. In the inter-war period he took part in Catholic organizations: „Odrodzenie” (Regeneration) and Akcja Katolicka (Catholic Action). He was a member of the Primate’s Social Council attached to Card. A. Hlond. He took part in preparing materials for Vatican Council II (mainly Gaudium et spes). After the Council he was a chairman of the national commission of the Polish Episcopate.

4

Ewolucja historyczna pojęcia „lichwa” i „procent” a ich wzajemny stosunek

100%

Majka J.

Roczniki Nauk Społecznych

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1958

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vol. 2

59-85

EN

The author starts from the statement that the terms we use, especially in a practical science, are subject to historical evolution. He gives two causes for this evolution: a) a shift or extension in the meaning of the concepts, b) changes in the social and economic institutions to which these terms, refer. In the historical evolution of the meaning of ..usury“ the author distinguishes three periods: the first (till XIIth century), during which this terms was not strictly defined, but was understood as exploitation of every kind, in which advantage is taken of the forced situation of one of the contracting parties. In the second period the meaning of „usury“ was identified with that of ,,interest“ and later with unjust or too high interest. Finally in the third period (from the second half of XIXth century) people came back to the former, proper meaning of usury as economic exploitation. Concluding his analysis the author formulates the proper (in his opinion) definition: usury is every kind of economic gain, won by taking advantage of the constrained economic situation of one of the partner to an economic contract. Thus credit usury is only one of the particular examples and kinds of usury. Later the author traces the historical evolution of the meaning of the word „interest“. Here he discerns two stages: In the first of them”interest“ is understood as a legal term, in the second as an economic one. Economists have taken pains to distinguish the notion of „interest“ from that of „profit“ and also it from primary (implicit) interest. The author gives his own definition: interest is the value of the gain, which the capital brings to the person who saved it, expressed as a percentage of the value of the capital. Comparing these two notions the author states that they are taken from two different languages (the first from ethics and the other from economics), and the mixing of these notions causes misunderstandings especially in ethical considerations. As to the extension of these notions, the notion of usury is wider than that of interest. But whether all designates of the notion „interest“ are also „usury“ designates, is a moral problem, and a continuous subject of dispute.

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Socjologiczna analiza świadectwa chrześcijańskiego

Nauczanie społeczne Prymasa Polski

Uczony i działacz

Ewolucja historyczna pojęcia „lichwa” i „procent” a ich wzajemny stosunek