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PL
The article reviews theoretical studies on the loan agreement. First, the resultsof researches in the area of the costly state verification models proving optimalityof the standard debt contract in conditions of information asymmetry and existence of costs of verification of the debtor’s outcomes were analysed. Followedby analysis of the models included in the mainstream of the incomplete contracttheory, which assume unpredictability of nature and the need to take into accountthe role of collateral and the liquidation value on the loan repayment. The focuswas also placed on researches taking into account the impact of debt renegotiationand long lender-borrower relationship on the behaviour of the borrower duringthe repayment of the debt.
PL
Celem artykułu jest sprawdzenie, czy modele teoretyczne wywodzące się z teorii opcji i teorii gier poprawnie wyznaczają oprocentowanie kredytów bankowych. W pierwszej kolejności wyliczono stopy procentowe z modelu opcyjnego opracowanego przez Moody’s-KMV. Otrzymane w ten sposób stopy procentowe porównano z rzeczywistym oprocentowaniem kredytowym polskich spółek giełdowych. Okazuje się, że oprocentowanie teoretyczne jest przeważnie dużo niższe niż rzeczywiste. Następnie wykorzystano model wynikający z teorii gier i koncepcji wartości likwidacyjnej, aby z jego pomocą obliczyć w drodze symulacji Monte Carlo teoretyczne stopy procentowe. Okazało się, że w tym przypadku rozbieżność stóp teoretycznych od rzeczywistych jest również znaczna. Wydaje się, że polskie banki, ustalając stopy procentowe, kierują się wieloma czynnikami, nie tylko wartościami rynkowymi aktywów spółek i ich zmiennością.
EN
The purpose of this article is to determine whether the theoretical models derived from option pricing theory and game theory correctly determine the interest rate on bank loans. First, the interest rates were calculated from the option model developed by Moody's-KMV. Obtained in this way, interest rates were compared with the real interest rate on bank loans of Polish publicly listed companies. It turns out that the theoretical interest rate is generally much lower than the actual one. A model built on the basis of the game theory and the concept of the liquidation value was then used, and on that basis theoretical interest rates were calculated using Monte Carlo simulation. In this case, divergence of the theoretical loan rates from the actual ones also proved significant. It seems that, in setting interest rates, Polish banks use many factors, not only the market values of company assets and their volatility.
EN
The paper presents a model for determination of interest rate on bank loan. According to the theoretical model a borrower repays the lesser of: the amount set in the credit agreement or an amount equal to the liquidation value of his assets. On this basis, the simulation model computes the expected value of bank's income from loan agreement. To verify the model we used accounting and market data of selected publicly traded companies. Unfortunately, interest rates calculated from the model does not coincide with the real averaged loan rates of the companies. The reason for the difference is probably excessive aggregation of financial data and the lack of detailed data on individual loan agreements. An additional reason may be that Polish banks pay no attention to market valuation of companies and their revenue.
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