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EN
A special interest in geopoetics, a flourishing idea since the 1980s of the 20th century, may be observed to have developed in the areas of Central and Eastern Europe and in Germany. As an inhabitant of these regions, I am interested in how authors deriving from other corners of the European continent fit in the frame of geopoetics. This article concerns the Portuguese writer Fernando Pessoa and the Turkish writer Orhan Pamuk, both of whom had come from imperial empires (Portugal and Turkey, respectively) that no longer possess their numerous colonies and could now be thought to be yearning for their lost power. In Pamuk’s Istambul and Pessoa’s The Book of Disquiet, I discuss how these writers tackle the epistemology of nostalgia (saudade, hüzün, dor) and space.
EN
Edward Soja used Borges`s idea of El Alleph (a set of all places) to describe Los Angeles. I refer to El Alleph as a starting point in order to reveal the phenomenon of Berlin and I propose to read this city as a palimpsest and a magic set of signs. This perspective is related to the rapid transformations that occurred in the present capital of Germany in the 19th and 20th centuries. In an essay The Poem of the City, devoted to New York, John Hollander points out that the city is a figure of poetry and compares the metropolis of New York to an anthology. Similarly, my text was conceived as an anthology of the most interesting statements on Berlin, (among others: the cover of “Der Spiegel”, Brecht’s letters, opinions by Walter Ruttmann, Franz Hessel, Gottfried Benn, Friedrich Seidenstucker, Robert Walser, Julian Tuwim, Witold Gombrowicz), the “city-symphony”.
World Literature Studies
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2012
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vol. 4 (21)
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issue 4
24 – 37
EN
The article concentrates on the intertextuality of Celan, Rilke and Ryszard Krynicki (a Polish poet of the “New Wave” generation and translator of Celan´s poetry). Eugeniusz Tkaczyszyn-Dycki entitled one of his poetry books Poezja jako miejsce na ziemi (Poetry as a place on Earth). For the authors who she mentions in the article poetry is indeed a place to dwell. The reflections concentrate on biographical signals (chronotopic) encrypted in a poem (geo-poetry), also read out from a connected with (new) biographism – geo-poetic prospect (hermeneutics of the place and situation). To Paul de Man´s question, included in the article Autobiography as Defacemet whether an autobiography can be written in the form of a poem, it is fitting to answer that, indeed, it can. In the article the author associates geo-poetics with biographical orientation.
EN
The article Black Seasons. Black Kites. About the Children’s Reading in Ghettos is devoted to the Holocaust seen and lived from the perspective of children. The author is interested in book collections of those who survived the war and later became writers (U. Orlev, A. Frankel, and M. Głowiński), and those stories that thematise children’s reading in ghettos (D. Combrzyńska-Nogala, M. Szczygielski). Joanna Roszak shows which books became for the children readers a matrix imposed on reality, which met the needs of a library therapy, helped children to cope with the emotional challenges of ghetto existence, and which enabled integration and identification processes. Moreover, the authoress presents which books triggered the escapist interpretation and finally which found an extension in the stories and essays created after the war. The title of the paper refers to The Black Seasons [Czarne sezony] by Michał Głowiński, and to a line from Czesław Miłosz’s Campo di Fiori.
PL
For the author of the article, the starting point for discussion on the reflections of Celan on a place, was the poem “La Contrescarpe”, which has not yet been translated into Polish. In the interpretation proposed by theauthor, it has been treated as the testimony of the poet’s experience – through the geopoetic and biographical prism. It was unavoidable that together with the fashion for geopoetic texts, with a topographic turn, there came the return of biographism, a biographical turn. The verses of the poem unveil two places, important for Celan’s biography, and the decoded dates become revealed (for example, Celan was at the mentioned Berlin AnhalterRailway Station in November 1938, after the Crystal Night – the augury of the war annihilation). This is not surprising that even the scholars fascinated with Celan’s literary works, such as Sandro Zanetti or Jacques Derrida, chose for the analysis only one, coherent fragment of the discussed poem, since before the publication of Brigitte Eisenreich’s book in 2010 many images from the poem did not create a unity in the interpreting work (the motif of dance and acquaintance). The text is the first attempt to read the eight strophes as a coherent form.
EN
In her essay, the author recalls literary contexts (including John Donne, Michel Houellebecq and Ernest Hemingway) and philosophical and anthropological contexts (including Aristotle, Thomas Merton, Maurice Blanchot, Jean-Paul Sartre and Gilles Deleuze) presenting the poetic “I’s” various ways of approaching friendship. The quotation from a German translation of John Donne’s poem used in the title of the article is in itself a meaningful phonetic wordplay: “Kein Mensch ist ein Ich-Land” (no man is an “I” land, no man is an island). The main part of the essay includes an interpretation of the television series Lost - Joanna Roszak investigates philosophical references in the series and indicates biblical contexts (“Am I my brother’s keeper?”). A very apt comment to many episodes in the series is, according to the author, the formula told by Z. Herbert’s Fortinbras: Ani nam witać się ani żegnać żyjemy na archipelagach/ A ta woda te słowa cóż mogą cóż mogą” [It is not for us to greet each other or bid farewell we live on archipelagos/ and that water these words what can they do what can they do prince]. It is a similar defencelessness in which the main characters of Lost try to struggle the reality, even if they live together, and die all alone. Collective memory has become a safeguard for the community in the world, which is to be destined for homelessness and forlornness. The other person though becomes a reference point - it is him or her that makes it possible to find the way home.
EN
The article is a reflection on the wall being built since 2002 between Israel and the Palestinian Authority. The paper presents this structure, its history and how it is reflected in poetry (Yehuda Amichai and Mahmud Darwish), reportage (Raja Shehadeh) and film. Artists’ initiatives once focussed on the Berlin Wall and more recently on the initiatives related to the Palestinian wall prompt the question how the media report on the present situation of the excluded. It is worth bearing in mind that memory or post-memory of our European wall and ghettos does not shape the discourse about the Middle-East. The preferred method of talking about walls has become geocritics (based more broadly on cultural and postcolonial studies; it is significant that the foundations of the theory of postcolonialism were put forward by a Palestinian – Edward Said).
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EN
The article attempts to analyse Hannah Arendt’s short essay “We Refugees” published in 1943 in a Jewish magazine The Menorah Journal in the context of the current humanitarian crisis (a crisis of reception policies) and peace studies. It also reconstructs refugee themes in the life trajectory of the author of Eichmann in Jerusalem. The author is confident that the essay “We Refugees” from seventy-seven years ago allows one to speak up repeating the questions concerning one of the key problems of contemporary world – the condition of the outcasts.
PL
The subject of the first part of the article is an interpretation of Franz Werfel’s novel Forty days of Musa Dah, published in 1933 and containing in its the name of the place where five thousand Armenians made a stand against the Turks in September and October 1915. The book made the author a national hero of the Armenians. However, this Jewish writer simultaneously sensed the approaching Shoah. Hence, in the second part of the paper, I show how the novel grew in importance during World War II: Musa Dah was compared to the resistancein the Jewish ghettos (e.g. the situation of the population in Bialystok). Janusz Korczak was to discuss the novel in the summer of 1941, also the chronicler of the Warsaw Ghetto, Emmanuel Ringelblum, in June 25, 1942 compared the Warsaw Ghetto to Musa Dah.
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EN
In the article I have been studying what premises constitute in the work of this German-speaking Nobel Prize winner and how the author brings the wounded world to the poem. I am aiming at interpreting her works in the relation to the refugees theme. I read her neurotic poetry also in the context of the contemporary nomadological discourse and I perceive it as a signpost to the language of solidarity. In the works of the Nobel Prize winner from 1966 one can see a preview of the style of the poems written by contemporary refuges (Breyten Breytenbach or Ashur Etwebi), and the artistic community of people deprived of their homes. I close the article with the conclusion related to the use of poetry in education for peace.
PL
W artykule badam, jaki zespół przesłanek konstytuuje się w twórczości niemieckojęzycznej noblistki oraz w jaki sposób autorka sprowadza do wiersza zraniony świat. Interpretuję jej utwory związane z wątkiem uchodźczym. Czytam jej neurotyczną poezję także w obrębie współczesnego dyskursu nomadologicznego i postrzegam jako drogowskaz ku językowi solidarności. W twórczości noblistki z 1966 roku można dostrzec zapowiedź stylistyki współczesnych wierszy uchodźców (m.in. Breyten Breytenbach czy Ashur Etwebi), buduje się wspólnota artystyczna osób pozbawionych domu. Artykuł zamykam konkluzją związaną z wykorzystaniem poezji w edukacji na rzecz pokoju.
EN
Mutually illuminating planes: the silent and the distant in J.S. Foer’s 'Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close'The paper offers an analysis of sub-renting relations in J. S. Foer’s Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close, which are put in the context of the author’s debut novel Everything Is Illuminated. I suggest that the two novels shed light on, or “illuminate”, each other. The writer, a descendant of Polish Jews, precisely stratifies the novels and intertwines two planes: the explicit and the implicit (encoding signs of the Jewish plight), which are also the two planes of the protagonists’ identities. Oświetlające się plany. Ciche i dalekie w „Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close” Jonathana Safrana FoeraArtykuł koncentruje się wokół zagadnienia sublokatorstwa w powieści Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close (polski przekład: Strasznie głośno, niesamowicie blisko) Jonathana Safrana Foera. W refleksji o żydowskiej kondycji sublokatora (w oryginale: the renter) autorka nie pomija debiutanckiej powieści Amerykanina, Wszystko jest iluminacją. Stawia tezę, że oba dzieła wzajemnie się oświetlają. Pisarz, będący potomkiem polskich Żydów, precyzyjnie stratyfikuje powieść i nakłada na siebie dwa plany, będące także planami tożsamości głównych bohaterów: wyrażony i domyślany (szyfrujący znaki żydowskiego losu).
EN
The analysis of the most famous anti-war novel of all times, All Quiet on the Western Front by Erich Maria Remarque, a representative of a lost generation, becomes a pretext to compare the German author with Joseph Rotblat, a physicist born in Warsaw. They both found their own way to deal with the consequences of war. The first one, as a veteran of World War I and the author of the anti-war novels was nominated in 1931 for the Nobel Peace Prize, the second one was its laureate in 1995. While All Quiet on the Western Front is the novel most strongly related to the World War I, Rotblat, associated in Western Europe with calling for world peace and nuclear disarmament, is in Poland almost unknown and there is no information about him in the official teaching programs. This article is devoted to Remarque and Rotblat separate paths in practicing „militant pacifism”.
PL
Omówienie najsłynniejszej powieści antywojennej wszechczasów, Na Zachodzie bez zmian Ericha Marii Remarque’a, przedstawiciela lost generation, staje się pretekstem, by zestawić niemieckiego pisarza z urodzonym w Warszawie fizykiem, Józefem Rotblatem. Obaj znaleźli własną drogę, by walczyć z powikłaniami wojennymi. Pierwszego z nich, jako weterana wojny światowej z lat 1914-1918 i autora antywojennej powieści, nominowano w roku 1931 do Pokojowej Nagrody Nobla, drugi w 1995 został jej laureatem. O ile jednak Na Zachodzie bez zmian to powieść najsilniej powiązana asocjacyjnie z I wojną światową, o tyle Rotblat, kojarzony na zachodzie Europy z wieloletnimi działaniami nawołującymi do światowego pokoju i rozbrojenia nuklearnego, w Polsce jest niemal nieznany, a w szkolnych programach nauczania nie znaleziono dla niego miejsca. Artykuł poświęcony jest ich odrębnym drogom uprawiania „wojującego pacyfizmu”.
EN
The theme of the article is translation as a mode of internal immigration. Paul Celan, who chose German as the language of his work, (it was the language of his mother and of murderers), found a sanctuary also as translator. In translator’s profession, he found ways of distilling the German language, which never ceased to be his “internal landscape” in spite of the wound inflicted to the language by Nazism. Most of the discussion focuses on Celan’s motivations when he translated Osip Mandelstam’s poetry.
EN
The title “I have called you by your number” is paraphrased from the book of Isaiah. In Torah the change of name of the main character suggests the turning point of his/her fate. In the article I concentrate on the gesture of assuming pseudonym-anagrams by a few poets – it is viable to read it as an attempt at self-determination, and as a painful dividing line, and as a form of a mask, and an analogue of a perturbed fate. My reflection concentrates on texts by Sachs, Domin, Celan, Amichai, Améry with a motif of numbers (the turned over analogues of the names) – I find a context in the poem by Wisława Szymborska Still; and in the performance by Raimund Hoghe, staged only once, just in Poland, entitled site specific; the project 80064 by Artur Żmijewski or works by Roman Opałka. The promise written in the Book of Isaiah of liberating Israel, which was supposed to be a work of God’s omnipotence, God talking to Jacob – who is an allegory of Israel: “Don’t be afraid, for I have redeemed you; I have called you by your name, you are mine. When you pass through the waters, I will be with you; and through the rivers, they shall not overflow you: when you walk through the fire, you shall not be burned, neither shall the flame kindle on you. For I am Yahweh your God”, in Auschwitz turned into the antithesis, and hence a threat that has a completely different sender than a good father: Be afraid, or else nobody will redeem you. I am calling you by the number, you are no one’s. You will go to the fire and a flame will consume you. You are alone.
EN
The choreographic productions of an American couple with an immigrant background are discussed here in the context of working for peace. The selected dance expressions of Keone and Mari Madrid activate the language of engagement, shedding some light on a variety of contemporary social problems related to isolation: the drama of contemporary refugees (We Are) and those suffering from the COVID-19 pandemic (Good Vibes Dance). The artistic duo’s multisensory choreographic works shift the viewers’ focus to the kinaesthetic code as well as the words and music, telling a story that is to facilitate a better understanding of social issues. Concentrating on the quality of the me–me, me–others relations, the Madrids allow us to redefine what we think about dance and recognise it as a readily available tool for building peace. The artists treat the dance as an innate language that undoes isolation.
EN
The author of the article focuses on the position and possibilities of theatre education – more specifically, the musical – in Holocaust education, which is a significant element of peace education. Wishing to widen the scope of Betty Reardon’s tetrad which identifies the following foundations of ideal education for peace: personal, political, pedagogical, poetic, the author proposes to add one more “p” – performative. Two musicals interpreted in the article, Imagine This and Korczak are convergent in multiple aspects; among others, both share the motif of theatre within theatre, and their location is the Warsaw ghetto of 1942.
PL
Autorkę artykułu interesuje miejsce i możliwości edukacji teatralnej – a konkretniej: musicalu – w nauczaniu o Zagładzie, będącej istotnym elementem edukacji propokojowej. Do tetrady Betty Reardon, uznającej za fundamenty idealnej edukacji na rzecz pokoju to, co: personalne, polityczne, pedagogiczne i poetyckie, proponuje ona dołączyć jeszcze jedno P – performatywne. Przedmiotem interpretacji uczyniono dwa musicale: Imagine This oraz Korczak, ujawniające zresztą wieloaspektowe zbieżności, m.in. występuje w nich motyw teatru w teatrze, akcja obu rozgrywa się w warszawskim getcie w 1942 roku.
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2017
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vol. 20
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issue 1
173-188
EN
The author of the article emphasizes the need to confront the youth with the theme of “the others” (in an ethnic, national and religious sense). It is associated with a relatively new social and political situation: the intensifying migratory movement. Polish schools should see for themselves the important issue in the context of the escalating humanitarian crisis and global nomadism. During the phase of collecting materials for the paper categorized interviews with teachers, librarians and students of ten schools in Poznań were conducted. The author of article analyzes and interprets the content of textbooks used in teaching the Polish language and literature and proposed projects of topics associated with the theme of refugees. The conclusion of the article is that the most important task for the Polish education, at all levels, appears to be the introduction of education for peace.
PL
Autorka artykułu akcentuje potrzebę konfrontowania młodzieży z tematem Innych (etnicznych, narodowościowych, religijnych), co wiąże się ze stosunkowo nową sytuacją społeczną i polityczną, z nasilającymi się ruchami migracyjnymi. Polska szkoła powinna zobaczyć dla siebie istotne zadanie w kontekście światowego nomadyzmu i eskalującego kryzysu humanitarnego. Podczas etapu zbierania materiałów przeprowadzono wywiady skategoryzowane z nauczycielami, bibliotekarzami i uczniami dziesięciu poznańskich szkół. W artykule dokonano analizy i interpretacji zawartości podręczników do nauczania języka polskiego oraz zaproponowano realizację tematów powiązanych z wątkiem uchodźczym. Płynie z niego wniosek, że najważniejszym zadaniem, stojącym przed polską edukacją na wszystkich szczeblach, wydaje się wprowadzenie, nieobecnej dotąd w programie, edukacji na rzecz pokoju.
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2017
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vol. 21
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issue 2
PL
W czerwcu 1942 roku Emanuel Ringelblum zauważył, że temat żydowskich lektur w gettach będzie interesował świat. Tak zakreślony problem badawczy nie doczekał się dotąd kompletnego studium. Autorka artykułu Resztki liter. Trzy paradygmaty lekturowe w gettach poddała refleksji ten aspekt historii gett. Literatura w nich obecna pozwala na rzucenie światła na temat życia i umierania ich mieszkańców. Ale podjęcie tego tematu pozwala także uaktywnić nowe tropy w lekturach książek, po które sięgali Żydzi. Tomy, z którymi spędzali czas, pozwalają uchwycić, jak mieszkańcy gett budowali więź z rzeczywistością, jak uczyli dzieci czytać lub znajdowali konsolidację w opisanym cierpieniu. Autorka stawia także pytanie, czy studia nad „zwyczajnym” życiem podczas Holokaustu można uznać za mikrohistoryczne.
EN
In June 1942 Emanuel Ringelblum asked: “What kind of books do people read? This topic has always been interesting for each Jew and after the war it also became interesting to the world”. This topic hasn’t received a comprehensive study yet. The author of the paper The Remains of the Letters. Three Reading Paradigms in the Ghettos examined this aspect of history of the ghettos. The literature allows us to shed light on the topic of the life and deaths of their inhabitants. But, taking up this topic enables us also to activate new ways of interpreting the books. The volumes they spent time on in the ghetto allow to capture the way the residents of the ghettos built or broke the bond with the reality, how they taught their own children to read or found solace in someone else’s pain. The author considers, however, whether the studies of ordinary life in extraordinary times of the Holocaust can be considered micro-historical.
Porównania
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2012
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vol. 11
277-290
EN
The fact of taking up themes of not being settled, of escapes and of painful returns into the places of trauma, connotes issues of the witness and rhetoric of the memory obsession, its „revenge”. The article is aimed at analyzing Paul Celans poetry through a geopoetic prism that allows me to construct an interpretation around the indicated place: Gewiddert, in which Drohobych is mentioned. Therefore, Celan gives one an obvious excuse for geopoetic research. In addition, as it appears to me, a type of lyric poetry, especially firmly related to “geo” in Celan’s case, is an elegy; one might even venture to create a sub-genre: elegies of place – a famous poem by Antoni Słonimski would be among them. My reflection on 'the Jewish fate', articulated by a Jewish voice, will concentrate on biographical signals (chronotopic) encrypted in a poem (geopoetry), also understood from a geopoetic perspective – connected with the (new) biographism (hermeneutics of the place and the situation), indicating various concepts of places.
PL
Fakt podejmowania tematów niemożności zakorzenienia, bolesnych ucieczek i powrotów do miejsc traumy konotuje tematy związane ze świadkiem, retoryką i obsesją pamięci, jej „zemstą”. Artykuł poświęcam badaniu przez pryzmat geopeotyczny wierszy Paula Celana, zbudowanych wokół konkretnego miejsca geograficznego lub topograficznego (np. Gewiddert, w którym mowa o Drohobyczu). Sam poeta daje zatem oczywisty pretekst do badań geopoetycznych). Gatunkiem lirycznym szczególnie mocno związanym w jego przypadku z „geo” jest elegia, wiersz pisany w obliczu straty; można by wręcz pokusić się o stworzenie odmiany gatunkowej: elegie miejsca – znalazłby się wśród nich słynny wiersz Antoniego Słonimskiego. Nieuniknione, że wraz z popularnością lektur geopoetycznych i ze zwrotem topograficznym powraca także biografizm. Moja refleksja o „żydowskim losie” skupia się wokół sygnałów biograficznych (chronotopicznych) zakodowanych w wierszu, odczytywanych także z połączonej z (nowym) biografizmem – perspektywy geopoetycznej (hermeneutyka miejsca i sytuacji).
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