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Zmiany w liczebności i potencjale bojowym wojsk rosyjskich w Królestwie Polskim w XIX i na początku XX wieku

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Madej L.

Studia z Dziejów Wojskowości

2012

vol. 1

185-211

The russian army, that was stationed in the Kingdom of Poland, consist a part of the 1st Army in the beginning. Then, after liquidation of that one, it belonged to the Warsaw Military District. There were about 50 000 soldiers in Russian squads in the thirties of the 19th century and this number was growing constantly during next two decades (to more than150 000 in 1850). The following years brought significant fluctuations in numbers of soldiers. Nevertheless, from the end of the seventies till the year 1910 there were just uninterrupted growth of the number. The maximum amount was reached at the turn of the century, when 286 000 soldiers served in the Warsaw Military District. To maintain such significant forces in so small area as the Kingdom of Poland was, it was due from two reasons: necessity of fighting against the revolutionary movements in europe and the plan of the offensive war against Kingdom of Prussia and Habsburg Austria at the turn of the seventies and eighties of the 19th century. Strong military units were necessary also to restrain Polish liberation movements. Tsar squads were stationed in garrisons, placed mostly in eastern parts of Kingdom. A combat potential of the army was limited by: high morbidity, big proportion of desertion from the army and the logistic back-up of units developed extensively.

CADET CORPS AS CENTRES OF CHARACTER AND MENTALITY TRAINING OF THE OFFICERS OF THE RUSSIAN IMPERIAL ARMY (1825-1916) (Korpusy kadetów jako osrodki ksztaltowania osobowosci i mentalnosci oficerów armii carskiej (1825-1916))

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Madej L.

Studia Historyczne

2009

vol. 52

issue 2(206)

99-114

This article deals with the functioning of the Russian cadet corps, the primary stage in the system of military service training in Tsarist Russia. This study is based on diaries, memoirs and other accounts written by men with direct experience of that educational institution. In 1917 the Russian Empire had 23 cadet corps and two elite establishments, the Corps of Pages and the Marine Corps (the latter two were, of course, in every respect superior to the rest). Between 1825 and 1916 all cadet corps produced a total of 68,611 officers. The cadet corps functioned as designated prep and boarding schools: the youngest recruits were boys nine to twelve years old, predominantly from the families of the gentry and the military. Although the curriculum was fairly broad, the quality of education offered by those schools was hardly impressive. The reasons for it must be sought in the heavy-handed style of education, lack of appropriate teaching aids, and the generally low level of pedagogical skills and professional knowledge among the staff. The boys spent a lot of time practicing military drill and in the summer had to go to special training camps. The educational system was founded on drill and a code of harsh punishments, from whipping to expulsion or relegation to an NCO post in the army. Rigourous discipline was to make the cadets stop thinking for themselves and to transform them into obedient tools of Russia's ruling dynasty. Yet, in spite of all the surveillance, the cadets were not completely cut off from 'subversive' literature. At least some of them were able to at get access to progressive ideas and independent assessments of the political situation in the Russian Empire. Whereas in the first half of the 19th century most of the graduates of the Cadet Corps took up the officer's post in the army, in the later decades an increasing number of graduates wanted to continue their education and sought admission to military academies.

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Zmiany w liczebności i potencjale bojowym wojsk rosyjskich w Królestwie Polskim w XIX i na początku XX wieku

CADET CORPS AS CENTRES OF CHARACTER AND MENTALITY TRAINING OF THE OFFICERS OF THE RUSSIAN IMPERIAL ARMY (1825-1916) (Korpusy kadetów jako osrodki ksztaltowania osobowosci i mentalnosci oficerów armii carskiej (1825-1916))