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Ocena funkcjonowania instytucji otoczenia biznesu w Łódzkim Obszarze Metropolitalnym na podstawie wyników badania bezpośredniego

100%
Dorożyński T., Urbaniak W.
Studia Prawno-Ekonomiczne
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2013
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vol. LXXXVII (87)
161-173
EN
The paper was drafted on the basis of results of a research study. The interviews were conducted with the 12 representatives of business environment institutions based in Lodz Metropolitan Area from July to October 2012. The purpose of this part of the study was to evaluate activities of business environment institutions aimed at supporting entrepreneurs in the Lodz Metropolitan Area.
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Ocena funkcjonowania małych i średnich przedsiębiorstw w Łódzkim Obszarze Metropolitalnym na podstawie wyników badania bezpośredniego

100%
Dorożyński T., Urbaniak W.
Studia Prawno-Ekonomiczne
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2013
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vol. LXXXVII (87)
109-160
EN
This paper was drafted on the basis of results of a direct study. Its aim was to assess the activity of SMEs in the Lodz Metropolitan Area. The study, among others, focused on: economic climate in the enterprise sector, factors encouraging and discouraging from operations in the region, human resources management and employment, cooperation with the business environment institutions, state aid programs, internationalization and perspectives on development. Direct study was conducted from March to August 2012 among 171 entrepreneurs who are running businesses in the Lodz Metropolitan Area.
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Działania gmin i powiatów wspierające napływ bezpośrednich inwestycji zagranicznych w regionie łódzkim

100%
Dorożyński T., Urbaniak W.
Studia Prawno-Ekonomiczne
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2011
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vol. LXXXIV (84)
267-289
EN
The article was prepared on the basis of the results of a questionnaire survey, the literature of the subject, analysis of national and EU legislation, and regional data from the Central Statistical Office. Interviews were conducted with representatives of nearly a half of local–government units (LGU) in the voivodeship of Lodz. The main aim of this article is to evaluate the activities by local government with respect of attracting and retaining foreign direct investments.
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Rola instytucji otoczenia biznesu w przyciąganiu inwestorów zagranicznych w regionie łódzkim

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Dorożyński T., Urbaniak W.
Studia Prawno-Ekonomiczne
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2012
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vol. LXXXV (85)
201-217
EN
The business environment institutions may influence the development of regions. They provide services that encourage establishing and developing enterprises. We have to deal with the correlation in two directions, the development of a region depends on the quality of business environment institutions, and business environment institutions are dependent on the level and dynamics of the growth in the region which determine demand for business support services. The main purpose of this article was to evaluate activities of business environment institutions aimed at attracting and keeping foreign direct investment (FDI) in the Lodz region. With limited organizational and financial possibilities of public administration, business environment institutions may play an important part in attracting and keeping FDI in the region. They may also act as a liaison between the local government and entrepreneurs as well as perform some tasks that are not, for different reasons, performed by public administration.
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Motywy lokalizacji inwestycji zagranicznych w regionie łódzkim

100%
Urbaniak W., Dorożyński T.
Zarządzanie i Finanse
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2012
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vol. 1
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issue 2
193-205
EN
This article was drafted on the basis of results of a direct study. Its aim was to assess the activity of foreign investors in the region of Lodz. The study, among others, focused on: the structure of FDI, motives of its location in Poland and in the voivode-ship of Lodz, factors encouraging and discouraging from the continuation of operations in the region, human resources management and effects of investment. The main aim of this article is to identify and evaluate the motives of location of FDI companies in Lodz region.
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Próba oceny programów europejskiej współpracy terytorialnej w Polsce w kontekście wspólnotowej polityki spójności – wnioski z badania

81%
Adamkiewicz I., Dorożyński T., Kochańska E., Urbaniak W.
Studia Prawno-Ekonomiczne
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2009
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vol. LXXX (80)
125-177
EN
Nowadays Poland is one of the biggest beneficiaries of EU Cohesion Policy. One of its aims is European Territorial Cooperation although the share of Polish beneficiaries in the European Territorial Cooperation Programmes is insufficient, especially in transnational and interregional projects. The goal of the article is the evaluation of the role of the European Territorial Cooperation Programmes in Poland in the light of financial perspectives 2007-2013 and the next programming period. The first part of this article is devoted to the framework of the European Territorial Cooperation Programmes. The second part deals with the research methodology. The research involved beneficiaries and the institutions of the European Territorial Cooperation Programmes. The third part presents research results. In the final part of this article the authors point at the main conclusions and recommendations following the research.
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Incentives for Attracting FDI: The Case of the Lodz Region

81%
Dorożyński T., Świerkocki J., Urbaniak W.
Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics
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2015
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vol. 275
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issue 1
147-169
PL
Głównym celem artykułu jest ocena roli zachęt, jakie stosuje samorząd terytorialny aby przyciągnąć bezpośrednie inwestycje zagraniczne do województwa łódzkiego. Podstawę do wyciągania wniosków stanowią wyniki badania kwestionariuszowego przeprowadzonego wśród przedsiębiorstw z udziałem kapitału zagranicznego (PKZ), które zainwestowały w regionie oraz wśród jednostek samorządu terytorialnego, które gościły te podmioty. W celu rozpoznania prawidłowości wykorzystano metody i testy statystyczne. Do najważniejszych należał współczynnik eta. Posłużył on do oceny zależności pomiędzy napływem bezpośrednich inwestycji zagranicznych do powiatów województwa łódzkiego a zachętami inwestycyjnymi stosowanymi przez jednostki samorządu terytorialnego. Metoda ta pozwoliła na weryfikację hipotezy dotyczącej istotności powiązań statystycznych pomiędzy badanymi zmiennymi. Z przeprowadzonego badania wynika, że większość samorządów zabiegała o inwestorów bez względu na to, czy pochodziły z kraju czy z zagranicy. Nieliczne gminy i powiaty posiadały ofertę wsparcia adresowaną wyłącznie do PKZ. Tylko 7% samorządów proponowało pomoc finansową, której najpopularniejszą formą były ulgi w podatkach i opłatach lokalnych. Znacznie więcej stosowało różne zabiegi promocyjne. Wyniki badania wskazują, że zachęty inwestycyjne miały drugorzędne znaczenie dla napływu BIZ do gmin i powiatów województwa łódzkiego. Zachęty nie były również czynnikiem przesądzającym o kontynuowaniu przez PKZ działalności w regionie.
EN
The paper studies the role of incentives provided by local government units (LGUs) in attracting foreign direct investment (FDI) to Poland’s Lodz province. The authors draw conclusions based on the results of a direct study using two types of questionnaires, one for foreign investors in the province and the other for LGUs. To ensure the accuracy of the study, the authors conducted an array of statistical surveys and tests. The eta correlation coefficient was among the most important measures, the authors say. It was used to assess the relationship between the inflow of FDI to Lodz province and the investment incentives offered by local government. The method helped verify a hypothesis concerning the significance of statistical relationships between the analyzed variables. The obtained results demonstrate that most LGUs were interested in attracting investors, both Polish and foreign, the authors note. Incentives targeted exclusively at foreign investors were rare, according to the authors. Financial incentives were offered by only 7% of the districts and counties. Tax relief and allowances in property fees and local charges were the most popular types of financial incentives. Many LGUs resorted to various promotional methods. The results of the study show that investment incentives were of secondary importance to the inflow of FDI to Lodz province, the authors conclude. Nor was this kind of support a key factor behind the decisions of foreign investors to continue operating in the region.
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The role of local government units in attracting FDI. The case of the Lodz Region

81%
Dorozynski T., Dorozynska A., Urbaniak W.
Business and Economic Horizons
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2014
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vol. 10
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issue 4
281-304
EN
The article focuses on the activities of local government units (LGUs) in the Lodz voivodeship (Poland). More importantly, it compares the activities of local authorities in selected EU Member States of Central and Eastern Europe. Despite the fact, that foreign investors consider Central and Eastern Europe one area, the countries in the region differ significantly with respect to economic achievements, foreign direct investment (FDI) absorption capacity, and the approach to investment incentives. In the literature some studies tried to identify some non-economic determinants of foreign direct investment. A consistent modelling of foreign direct investment flows needs to take account of not only the traditional determinants enumerated in literature, but also variables linked to the institutional environment, in which such investment takes place. Carlo Altomonte (2000) showed that an efficient institutional framework is a crucial determinant of foreign direct investment. That is why it is worth assessing whether the activities of regional authorities may contribute to an increased investment attractiveness of a region in the eyes of foreign investors. The aim is to evaluate local government’s efforts undertaken to attract FDI in view of a comparative analysis for regions in three countries: Hungary, Poland and Romania, and a direct research involving representatives of all counties and 36% of communes in the voivodeship of Lodz . The article centres around four aspects. First, it presents comparative analysis for selected Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) regions and it reviews instruments used by the LGUs to attract FDIs. Then, it provides the evaluation of communes and counties’ preferences when it comes to attracting FDIs. The third analysed aspect is the impact of FDIs on local economies. Finally, we also identify impediments to the inflow of FDIs to communes and counties. The paper was prepared on the basis of the results of a questionnaire survey, the literature of the subject, analysis of national and EU legislation, regional data from the Central Statistical Office and other institutions.
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Competitive advantages of SMEs. The case of the Lodz Metropolitan Area

81%
Dorozynski T., Kuna-Marszalek A., Urbaniak W.
Business and Economic Horizons
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2014
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vol. 10
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issue 1
43-59
EN
Small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) play a major role in economic growth in developed and developing countries. For example, in the European Union, SMEs contribute to over 99% of all enterprises and more than 100 million jobs, representing 67% of private sector employment. In the Lodz Metropolitan Area (LMA) SMEs play a decisive role in economic development and their economic condition translates into the condition of the sub-region. Hence, the main objective of the paper is the assessment of SMEs operations in the LMA by the identification of development factors and barriers to economic activity. The paper uses the results of a direct study of the group of 171 small and medium sized enterprises conducted in 2012. We applied various statistical tools useful in processing data from questionnaires, e.g. cross-sectional analysis, averages, variation coefficients, Cramer’s V, and internal consistency coefficient Cronbach’s alpha. The paper goes on to discuss the competitiveness of goods and services produced by companies included in the study by making reference to theories of sources of competitive advantage. Its important part will be devoted to the assessment of SMEs operating conditions taking account of 30 factors that facilitate or hamper business activity. The analysis will also cover enterprises’ opinions on selling opportunities in a medium-term perspective. These opinions will be presented in various cross-sectional studies.
10
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Employers Expectations Vis-à-vis Graduates Of Faculties Of Economics. Results Of A Direct Study

81%
Dorożyński T., Świerkocki J., Urbaniak W.
Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe
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2016
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vol. 19
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issue 2
93-109
PL
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie opinii pracodawców w kwestii kompetencji, w które powinien być wyposażony absolwent studiów ekonomicznych o profilu uwzgledniającym problematykę ochrony środowiska przyrodniczego. Dla jego realizacji przebadano przy pomocy kwestionariusza kierownictwo 200 podmiotów z województwa łódzkiego, w tym 194 przedsiębiorstwa oraz 6 jednostek niebędących przedsiębiorstwami, których przedmiot działalności wiąże się bezpośrednio lub pośrednio z ochroną środowiska. Wyniki ankiet wskazują, że kompetencje miękkie i zawodowe uzyskiwane na studiach są ważne dla pracodawców. Respondenci jednak wyżej cenili sobie zestaw tych pierwszych, aczkolwiek indywidualnie największe znaczenie przypisali znajomości języków obcych, a zaskakująco duże – posługiwaniu się językiem polskim. Oceniając program studiów uznali, że przedmioty ogólne, stanowiące podstawę wyższego wykształcenia, są nadal ważne dla podnoszenia kwalifikacji
EN
This paper presents employers’ opinions concerning competencies they expect of graduates of Faculties of Economics with elements of environmental protection. In order to provide empirical input, we conducted a questionnaire-based study among 200 top managers of (mostly) businesses located in the Lodz region (voivodeship), including 194 enterprises and 6 entities do not involved in business but whose activities are, directly or indirectly, linked with environmental protection. The findings of our study demonstrate that while both soft and professional competencies acquired in the course of university studies are important to employers, the respondents valued soft competencies more. They found foreign languages to be the most important, although surprisingly they also attached high importance to a good command of Polish. When assessing university curricula, employers indicated that general courses, the foundations of a university education, remain important as a basis to improve the professional skills of university graduates and to reinforce their position in the labour market.
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The Location Premises Of FDI In Poland. The Case Of The Lodz Province / Przesłanki Lokalizacji Biz w Polsce. Przykład Regionu Łódzkiego

81%
Dorożyński T., Świerkocki J., Urbaniak W.
Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe
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2015
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vol. 18
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issue 4
157-178
EN
This paper aims to study the role of various factors in attracting foreign capital to the Province of Lodz. Conclusions are based on the direct questionnaire study conducted among 188 companies with foreign capital which invested in the region. The obtained results indicate that specific Lodz Province (voivodeship) characteristics were of little importance to foreign investors. Both in Poland and in the voivodeship, they were looking for relatively cheap and skilful labour in order to lower their total costs of production. We confirmed that investment incentives were of little importance for the inflow of FDI to the communes and counties of the Province of Lodz. The factors which most discouraged investment in the region were poor transport infrastructure and an uninteresting social infrastructure decisive for the quality of everyday life. Our conclusion is that the inflow of FDI does not eliminate intra-regional disproportions; on the contrary it probably deepens them.
PL
Głównym celem artykułu jest ocena znaczenia czynników, które przyciągają kapitał zagraniczny do województwa łódzkiego. Podstawę do wyciągania wniosków stanowią wyniki badania kwestionariuszowego przeprowadzonego wśród 188 przedsiębiorstw z udziałem kapitału zagranicznego.Uzyskane wyniki wskazują, że specyficzne cechy województwa miały niewielkie znaczenie dla inwestorów zagranicznych. Zarówno w Polsce, jak i w regionie, poszukiwali oni przede wszystkim taniej i wykwalifikowanej siły roboczej, aby obniżyć całkowite koszty produkcji. Potwierdziliśmy również, że zachęty inwestycyjne miały drugorzędne znaczenie dla napływu BIZ do gmin i powiatów województwa łódzkiego. Do inwestowania w regionie najbardziej zniechęcała infrastruktura transportowa oraz społeczna, która determinuje jakość życia w województwie. Podsumowując, napływ BIZ nie eliminuje dysproporcji wewnątrzregionalnych, wręcz przeciwnie, raczej je pogłębia.
12
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Attracting FDI to the Region of Lodz by Its Local Government

81%
Dorożyński T., Świerkocki J., Urbaniak W.
Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe
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2014
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vol. 17
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issue 2
101-118
EN
This paper evaluates the financial and non-financial incentives used by local authorities in the Province of Lodz to promote the inflow of FDI. Conclusions are based on a questionnaire study conducted in the second half of 2010 among 188 companies with foreign capital (CFC) which invested in the region, and 87 local government units hosting the majority of the CFCs included in the study. The obtained results indicate that support offered by local authorities had only a minor impact on the location decision for the investment project, and this conclusion is consistent with results of studies which assessed the role of incentives in Poland at macro, regional and sectoral levels.
PL
Głównym celem artykułu jest ocena wykorzystania finansowych i pozafinansowych zachęt dla inwestorów zagranicznych stosowanych przez władze lokalne w województwie łódzkim. Podstawę do wyciągania wniosków stanowią wyniki badania kwestionariuszowego przeprowadzonego w II połowie 2010 r. wśród 188 przedsiębiorstw z kapitałem zagranicznym (PKZ), które zainwestowały w regionie oraz wśród 87 jednostek samorządu terytorialnego, które gościły większość w nim obecnych PKZ. Uzyskane wyniki wskazują, że wsparcie oferowane przez władze lokalne w niewielkim stopniu wpłynęło na wybór miejsca do inwestowania, i są zgodne z wynikami badań, które oceniały rolę zachęt w Polsce na poziomie makro, regionalnym i sektorowym.
13
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The Use Of EU Structural Funds By Enterprises In The Lodz Region

81%
Dorożyński T., Świerkocki J., Urbaniak W.
Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe
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2013
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vol. 16
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issue 4
79-99
EN
The issue of how to stimulate economic growth and development remains an open question. The EU structural funds are meant to help solve the problem at the regional level within the framework of the cohesion policy. Only some of these funds are used to directly subsidize businesses that are the engines of growth in a market economy. This paper aims to evaluate whether structural funds have played a positive and significant role in the development of enterprises in a region which does not belong to the economic leaders in Poland. It is based on the results of a direct study, statistical data and evaluation reports, as well as on the economic literature. The direct study was conducted in 2011. It focused on micro-economic projects supported by EU funds in the Lodz region. Interviews were conducted with representatives of 80 enterprises, which had completed at least one such a project. We conclude that the subsidies from structural funds have positively stimulated the modernization of the companies, albeit on a limited scale.
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