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Taking up Jacques Derrida's concept of „the university without condition”, we try to argue that the fundamental role of the university in the history of Europe has consisted in a specific kind of radicalism which, on the one hand, allows the individual for the exploration and pursuit of his/her interests and vocation, and, on the other, makes it mandatory to realize that the development of the individual always takes place in the space of conjoint communicative experience. Thus, what is at stake in any discussion of the university education is a future of democracy and citizenship. Using the works of, among others, Hanah Arendt, Immanuel Kant, Plato, Dewey, and Friedrich Hölderlin the essay makes a point that to save what holds between people, i.e. to redeem the human bond in the society, the university always aims at the acts of Deweyan deliberation thus discussing and thus determining appropriate significance to the public and the individual.
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University. A few reminders

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The essay critically approaches the current state and directions of changes in the university education. We see the critical point in the unconditioned endorsement by the university of the market values of intense competitiveness of global economy and the cult of the pro-market education which is its inevitable result. We would like to argue that although the university must respect economic conditions and limitations, nevertheless we fear that the ongoing process of corporatization of the university with its management strategies such as cutting costs, scanning environments for competitive purposes, re-engineering highly competitive efficiency criteria for the staff will bring about a neglect of the humanist values rooted in intellectual and social sensibility and hence undermine the social mission of the university which, apart from professional skills and research, must cultivate intellectual pluralism by providing space for intelligent conversation, sharing critical views of the present state of things thus fostering social criticism and the spirit of responsible dissent.
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The risk of America’, Tadeusz Slawek writes in the final plenary lecture, ‘is […] America itself-its endless, limitless ambitions […] to know absolutely everything’. These words resonate in important ways with the diagnosis of the contemporary world offered in The Transparency Society by Byung-Chul Han-a German-Korean theorist whose work has only recently begun to appear in English translation. Byung-Chul Han attacks transparency as a contemporary false ideal. The illusion that we can obtain information about everyone and everything-that thanks to technological innovations like the Internet, the world has become transparent-runs counter to the actual impoverishment of our ability to make sense of this wealth of data. We accumulate information, but this does not necessarily mean that our knowledge of the world increases. Through a deft and illuminating reading of poetry by Robinson Jeffers and e. e. cummings, matched by astute references to Norman O. Brown, Jean Luc Nancy, and George Bataille, and others, Sławek traces the poets’ brave struggle against the culture and rhetoric of ‘excess’. Jeffers and cummings, but also D. H. Lawrence, were quick to denounce that America was turning into a ‘world in which everything is “far too”, i.e., a world subjected to human ambition and desire, a world of hasty activism’ where only Theodore Roosevelt’s ‘one hundred percent Americans’ would be welcome. To the nightmarish dream of a panoptical, completely transparent America, Slawek opposes a poetic and cultural tradition that stands firmly opposed to ‘the hubristic desires of the American state to know absolutely everything regardless of civil rights and political and economic costs’.
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Butter and Rotten Wood / a Teardrop: Blake and the Philosophy of Friendship Abstract in English The essay sets out to explore the framework of the philosophy of friendship as a basic human relationship whose richness has not been exhaustively scrutinised yet. Taking as its starting point the memorable statement from “The Marriage of Heaven and Hell that” “opposition is true friendship,” the author seeks to demonstrate the fundamental and profound character of the relationship called friendship; the character which prevents it - despite its common understanding - from being defined as agreement, support or alliance. Friendship, by transcending those relationships, becomes a force which may disrupt and undermine their structures and thereby it comes to speak on behalf of desires and passions. This is why it may be called a “counter-relationship”: the notion itself alludes to a fundamental term of Blake's philosophy, i.e., “a contrary” as opposed to negation. A friend is thus a restless being; a being without a permanent address; a being who is nomadic and denies to be unequivocally defined. It is Blake, as well as Nietzsche and Emerson (who are also referred to in the essay), who makes us appreciate this extraordinary philosophical and ethical phenomenon.
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Ci sono due modi per stabilire la relazione con lo spazio. Uno è in parte generale e in parte idiosincratico ed è la maniera in cui il passato si manifesta nel presente dell’individuo. L’altro, è una connessione molto profonda e intima con il luogo nel quale è possibile stabilire tale relazione ovvero quando iniziamo a sentirci legati ad un dato spazio, cioè quando le linee storiche ed estetiche di connessione si dimostrano inadeguate.L’anima della Calabria (1950) e Segreti di Puglia (1951), due travelogues appartenenti alla serie Italia celebre e sconosciuta, esplorano due regioni totalmente diverse dell’Italia indagando la percezione del paesaggio, la storia e la mitologia radicate in questi luoghi e le varie pratiche della vita quotidiana che si sono sviluppate nel corso dei secoli. Così, la regione diventa più di una serie di luoghi interessanti e monumenti storici che i baedeker esaltano e pubblicizzano per i turisti. Invece, in questo caso, ci occupiamo della decostruzione di tali prodotti culturali già pronti e, facendo un “esercizio mentale”, non solo transiteremo ma saremo anche situati in luoghi che rivelano il loro carattere provvisorio, metamorfico e la loro incompiutezza, diventando così una sfida al nostro senso morale. Ne deriva che, esercitando memoria e mente, trasformiamo l’allenamento di quest’ultimi in allenamento morale e sociale.
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There are two modes of establishing a relationship with space. One is, partly general and partly idiosyncratic, manner in which the past makes itself manifest in the present of the life of the human individual. The other is a most profound and intimate connection with a place which is possible when we begin to feel situated in a given space, i.e. when standard historical and aesthetic lines of connecting prove inadequate.L’anima della Calabria (1950) and Segreti di Puglia (1951), two travelogues in a series of Italia celebre e sconosciuta, explore the two distinctly different regions of Italy investigating the perception of landscape, its rootedness in history and mythology as well as various practices of everyday life they have generated over centuries. Thus, the region becomes more than a series of interesting sights and historical monuments baedekers record and advertise for tourists. Instead, we deal with deconstruction of such ready-made cultural products and, in the effort of “mental exercise”, we not only transit through but are also situated in places which reveal their provisional, metamorphic character, their unfinishedness, becoming thus a challenge to our moral sense. Hence, exercising memory and mind, allenamento della memoria e della mente morphs into allenamento morale e sociale.
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The essay is an attempt at reading a story by Edgar Allan Poe and a poem by Emily Dickinson in order to investigate the way in which death makes its inroads into the domain of life. Poe’s text demonstrates that only through a thoughtful and careful incorporation of death into the biological matter of life can we resist, in a sensible way, death’s incursions which threaten our existence. Dickinson conveys the same message in different terms, i.e. between “Dust” and “Spirit”, as well as between the threat of dissolution (“Dissolve”) and the reassurance of “Trust”. A dialogue takes place here through which death presents itself in the house of life. It dwells within a person’s being, which now reveals itself as a constant exchange between the body and the soul. In order not to make this exchange a symptom of life-in-decline (which is a reference to Jan Patočka’s conceptmof civilization as waning, i.e. a kind of waning which he renders in the Czech languageas úpadková), a force has to operate within it which resists the temptation of both sides to demonstrate its supposedly unquestionable right towards the truth.
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The present text is an interpretation of two dialogues taken from Herman Melville’s novel The Confidence-Man. His Masquerade. One of the main topics prevailing in the conversations of the main characters from the novel traveling on the Mississippi River onboard of the steamboat “Fidéle” is friendship. Friendship, placed within the context of such notions as confidence, identity, feeling of alienation and authority, can be defined as a pre-social relation taking shape not between members of a community, but on a person-to-person plane. Another important reference point is the term “utility”, important in the capitalist “world-system” (the term coined by I. Wallerstein), which requires us to consider friendship within the framework of economic and legal circumstances and the categories of gain and loss. A juxtaposition of friendship with nature makes it finally possible to show that the former notion originates in the latter one, but exceeds it. Scientific tools used for a description of the order of nature are not precise enough to define or determine friendship between people.
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Questionnaire - Answer

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Jean Jacques Rousseau in his praise of Geneva notes that the most flourishing industry in this town is watch- and clock-making, the source of income of nearly one fifth of the inhabitants. As we read on, it turns out that what is at stake is not only manufacturing of mechanical chronometric devices but twisting together of social and economic life with technology and, interestingly enough, establishing an extraterrestrial, although lay, horizon for the human life. A clock did not only measure hours of our mortal existence but also remained related to the rhythms of cosmic movements of planets. Hence, starting from Tadeusz Różewicz’s poem “Dolls’ House” we are trying to demonstrate that what matters is not only the very fact of being able to survive, go on living according to the measurements of the clock, like Swift’s Gulliver who “seldom did any thing without consulting it”; what we focus on is, rather, the ability to live in a more profound way which implies a different relation with time and man’s temporality.
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Jean Jacques Rousseau w komentarzach do życia społecznego i ustroju Genewy pisze, że „najbardziej kwitnie w Genewie wyrób zegarków, pracuje przy nim z górą pięć tysięcy osób, tj. przeszło piąta część obywateli”. Uwaga o tyle ciekawa, iż pozwala zobaczyć, że chodzi zarówno o wytwarzanie instrumentów chronometrycznych, jak i splecenie życia społecznego i ekonomicznego z mechanizmami rozwoju technologii oraz ustanowienie dla wydarzeń ludzkiej historii horyzontu jak najdosłowniej pozaziemskiego, choć świeckiego. Zegar odmierzał godziny, pozostawał również w ścisłej relacji z ustaleniami astronomii i jej instrumentów, takich jak choćby astrolabium. Wykorzystując wiersz Tadeusza Różewicza Dom lalek, autor w niniejszym eseju próbuje wykazać, że stawką naszego istnienia jest nie tylko to, aby „być żywym”, by „przeżyć”, „utrzymać się przy życiu”, lecz także odkryć w sobie głęboką żywotność, dyspozycję do bycia, której nic (również czas i instrumenty służące do jego pomiaru) nie zdoła osłabić i wyeliminować, chociaż dyspozycja ta jest niewątpliwie zagłuszona przez szum zegarowej maszynerii wyznaczającej codzienne zadania człowieka.
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The essay approaches the problem of a possible differentiation between the death of the animal and that of the human being. Stepping beyond the Cartesian sharp dichotomy of the human and animal life, we follow the line of such philosophers as Montaigne, Spinoza, and Hume, who were radically critical towards the unwarranted claims of anthropocentric phantasies. Interpreting poetic texts of Emily Dickinson and Ted Hughes we demonstrate that reflecting upon animality we can get a new insight into the place and meaning of death in our lives as well as into foundations of our speech.
PL
Korzystając z tekstów tak różnych poetów jak William B. Yeats, Emily Dickinson czy Ted Hughes, esej próbuje ukazać różnice w sposobie rozumienia i przedstawiania śmierci zwierzęcia i człowieka. Tradycyjnie w naszych wyobrażeniach ta pierwsza wydaje się nie nastręczać problemów, wszak w przeciwieństwie do śmierci człowieka, która poprzez lęk i niepokój zjawia się w ludzkim czasie jakby „przed czasem”, zwierzę umiera nagle, nieoczekiwanym cięciem przecinającym nić jego życia. Koncypujemy, że zwierzę umiera, nie przeżywając niepokoju, jaki śmierć wprowadza w horyzont życia ludzkiego od samego jego początku. Dlatego kultura zawsze suponowała, dając temu wyraz w popularnych aforyzmach w rodzaju non omnis moriar, istnienie jakiejś „reszty”, której śmierć nie jest w stanie dotknąć. Zwierzę z kolei umierałoby niejako „całkowicie”, „bez reszty”. Esej stara się zdekonstruować te tradycyjne przekonania, przywracając życiu ludzkiemu „zwierzęcy” wymiar śmierci.
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Blisko ziemi. Kilka lekcji jeża

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Reading Jacques Derrida’s essay Che cos’e la poesia? as well as poems by Rainer Maria Rilke, Thomas Hardy, and Tadeusz Kijonka, we want to argue that the animal helps us to redefine the human subject. When pondering the fuzzy boundary between the human and the non-human, man interprets himself/herself not as a subject isolated in its sublime aspirations but, rather, as a fragile connection, delicate relation with what begs for his/her protection and care.
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Distinguishing between “hope” and “expectations”, we are trying to work our way towards a model of education which would not be merely a set of procedures allowing students to acquire facts and data to implement them in technical, practical skills, but which would simultaneously allow them to critically reflect upon the quality of life under the late-modern circumstances of the market dominated globalization. Such an education, which we call “situationist”, aims not at teaching the student how to adjust to the demands of the world but (in the wake of Guy Debord and his situationist urban practices) how to exercise her liberty on behalf of changing the world so as to make it more open to the development of human individuality. This implies an awakening to all the complications of the present world, but also paves the way for the culture of hope which, according to Ernst Bloch, is the most human of all mental feelings and is able to refer us to the furthest horizons of the future thus – a most poignant issue in the contemporary situation – creating a chance for the development of the culture of hospitality.
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Odróżniając “nadzieję” od “oczekiwań”, staramy się wypracować naszą drogę ku modelowi edukacji, która byłaby nie tylko zestawem procedur pozwalających uczniom uzyskać fakty i dane do zaimplementowania w zdolnościach technicznych i praktycznych, ale która jednocześnie umożliwiałaby im krytyczną refleksję nad jakością życia w ponowoczesnych warunkach zorientowanej rynkowo globalizacji. Taka edukacja, którą nazywamy „sytuacjonistyczną”, nie ma na celu nauczenia ucznia jak dostosować się do wymagać świata, ale (zgodnie z ujęciem Guy Deborda i jego filozofii i praktyki sytuacjonistycznej) jak praktykować wolność w celu zmieniania świata, by uczynić go bardziej otwartym na rozwój ludzkiej indywidualności. To implikuje przebudzenie na wszelkie komplikacje współczesnego świata, ale także wytycza ścieżkę do kultury nadziei, która zgodnie z ujęciem Ernsta Blocha, jest najbardziej ludzkim z wszystkich mentalnych doznań oraz pozwala usytuować się wobec najdalszych horyzontów przyszłości – czyli najbardziej przejmujących kwestii w obecnej sytuacji – tworząc szansę na rozwój kultury gościnności.
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Il testo è un tentativo di presentazione dell'estetica di Pirandello come sofisticata eredità dell'estetica delle rovine nella tradizione italiana, di cui Giovanni Battista Piranesi ne fu un grande rappresentante. Così, come afferma Umberto Eco, attraverso l’estetica è possibile osservare il cambiamento radicale del concetto di perfezione formale e completezza di un’opera d’arte nella scrittura del drammaturgo italiano. Inoltre, l’estetica permette di far provare piacere pur rappresentando la distruzione. La citazione di Diderot, in cui il filosofo francese sostiene che una bozza possa essere più bella di un dipinto già completato, poiché in esso vi è più vita e meno forma, potrebbe fungere da importante via interpretativa per l’opera di Pirandello. Così, una bozza diventa più interessante di un’opera finita. La letteratura ha il controllo sulla forma, e dunque sul linguaggio, ma come dimostra Pirandello, la letteratura è una fredda istituzione incapace di contenere il calore e il palpito della vita che sempre sfugge alla giurisdizione letteraria. L’opera di Pirandello è dunque un episodio importante nella storia del razionalismo occidentale, che critica i tentativi falliti della storia di costruire un mondo secondo i principi del funzionamento della razionalità e del buon senso.
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The essay attempts to present Pirandello’s esthetics as an heir of Piranesi’s esthetics of the ruin. As Umberto Eco claims, a turn towards fragments allows for abandoning the idea of the work of art as an accomplished whole, what is more, it locates the esthetic pleasure in a contemplation of a whole destroyed and fragmented. Thus, a draft becomes more interesting than a finished work. Literature holds control over form, that is over language, but – as Pirandello demonstrates – literature is a cold institution unable to contain the warmth and pulsation of life which always slips out of literature’s jurisdiction. Hence Pirandello’s work is an important episode in the history of Western rationalism and aims its critical edge against the failed attempts to construct a world according to the working principles of rationality and common sense.
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Szkic pragnie przedstawić estetykę Pirandella jako finezyjne dziedzictwo estetyki ruin, której świetnym przedstawicielem we włoskiej tradycji był Giovanni Battista Piranesi. Pisze o tejże estetyce Umberto Eco, że to, co dostrzegamy w pisarstwie włoskiego dramaturga: „zmienia ona radykalnie koncepcję doskonałości formalnej i całkowitości dzieła sztuki”, co więcej – „dopuszcza znajdowanie przyjemności w dziele sztuki mimo tego (a może dzięki temu), że przedstawia ono zniszczenie”. A wszystko sumuje na tej samej stronie cytat z Diderota: „dlaczego piękny szkic urzeka nas bardziej od skończonego obrazu? Bo więcej w nim życia, a mniej formy. Kiedy pojawiają się formy, zanika życie”. Ten sąd francuskiego filozofa mógłby posłużyć jako ważny szlak interpretacyjny dzieła Pirandella. Instytucja literatury sprawuje władzę nad formą, a więc i nad językiem. Ale jak wynika z rozważań Pirandella, literatura jest instytucją zimną. Litera nie jest w stanie utrzymać ciepła życia, racjonalność nie radzi sobie z „mętami” życia. A ponieważ historia powierza się literze, przechowuje się i przekazuje za jej pośrednictwem, przeto życie zawsze wymknie się z jej jurysdykcji. Dzieło Pirandella to ważny epizod w wielkiej historii zachodniego racjonalizmu, akcentujący to, iż historia to dzieje wysiłków, na ogół niezbyt udanych, do skonstruowania świata wedle zaleceń rozumności.      
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Title in English, Abstract in English.
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Tekst/Czytelnik/Margines/Nawias

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(wkleić tekst "nostalgie jubileuszowe" Tadeusz Rachwał, Wojciech Kalaga, Tadeusz Sławek, Emmanuel Prower
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ROZMOWA „WIELOGŁOSU”

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Rozmowa „Wielogłosu”: O problemach współczesnej komparatystyki
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Redakcja Zarania Śląskiego zwróciła się do 50 badaczy wywodzących się z różnych środowisk i pochodzących z różnych części naszego województwa z prośbą o odpowiedź na pytanie: „Jakie wydarzenia historyczne z perspektywy obecnego województwa śląskiego uznaje Pani/Pan za najważniejsze”? Prosiliśmy o wytypowanie pięciu najważniejszych wydarzeń oraz krótkie wyjaśnienie wyboru, pozostawiając autorom całkowitą swobodę w konstrukcji tekstu uzasadnienia. Sugerowaliśmy jedynie, by ograniczając się do terytorium obecnego województwa śląskiego, nie zawężać poszukiwań do ram czasowych, w których zostało ono stworzone. Respondenci wybrali wydarzenia tak różne, że trudno pokusić się o podsumowanie. Wyrażamy nadzieję, iż wnioski nasuwające się czytelnikowi przyczynią się do refleksji – a może wręcz wywołają dyskusję – nad skomplikowanymi dziejami regionu. Respondenci byli proszeni o sformułowanie krótkiej wypowiedzi. W tym miejscu publikujemy wersje skrócone tych tekstów, które przekraczały sugerowaną objętość. W Suplemencie znaleźć można wersje autorskie.
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