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EN
In 1944 one of the main goals the people’s power started pursuing was to take control over the system of justice. By means of the judicial system and changes introduced into it, the people’s power wanted to first take over and then to consolidate its government’s power as well as the new political and economic system. After taking charge of the military judicial system, the people’s power was also striving to take control over the civil judicial system which was to show nothing but trust towards the new political system and, along with its attitude full of ideology, to incite this trust in the Polish society. To this end, the so-called “reactionary elements” hostile to the new power were removed from law courts and prosecutor’s offices, and the key posts were filled with new people (“democratic elements”). New human resources were attained by means of “the special training concept” as well as by letting the law judge positions be taken by people who acquired their knowledge of law along their careers, their scientific and social or political work, or gained it at law schools approved by the Ministry of Justice. In the period 1947–1952 there were six law schools in Poland. The school in Szczecin was one of them and it was open from 3 June 1950 till 19 August 1951. The school’s objective was to educate new personnel to be appointed as judges equipped not only with essential knowledge of the law (both theoretical and practical), but also with the ‘right’ ideology. Education took place at the level of the upper secondary school and lasted 14 months. It was taken up by 182 people. The enrolled students were people who enjoyed the confidence of the new communist authorities. They were social and political activists who came mostly from the working class or peasant stock, lacking the secondary education, at the age from 23 to over 30. Thanks to personal files kept at the archives of the Regional Court in Szczecin, this article sheds light on the profiles of the Szczecin law school’s students who were to take up the legal training at the Court of Appeal in Szczecin.
PL
W 1944 roku jednym z najważniejszych celów, do których dążyła władza ludowa, było zdobycie kontroli nad systemem sprawiedliwości. Za pośrednictwem instytucji sądownictwa oraz wprowadzonych w niej zmian, przedstawiciele władzy ludowej chcieli przejąć kontrolę, a następnie umocnić władzę swojego rządu oraz nowego systemu politycznego i ekonomicznego. Po przejęciu wojskowego systemu sprawiedliwości, pragnęli uczynić to samo z cywilnym sądownictwem, które miało bezgranicznie ufać nowej polityce oraz, za pomocą pełnego idei podejścia, wzniecić tak samo silne zaufanie wśród polskiej ludności. Do tego momentu tak zwane elementy reakcyjne, wrogie wobec wprowadzonych rządów, zostały usunięte z sądów oraz biur prokuratorskich, a kluczowe stanowiska zostały obsadzone nowymi ludźmi („elementy demokratyczne”). Nowe zasoby ludzkie uzyskano w wyniku „konceptu specjalnego treningu” oraz poprzez pozwolenie na objęcie stanowiska sędziowskiego przez ludzi, którzy zdobywali wiedzę prawniczą w toku swojej kariery, pracy naukowej i politycznej bądź podczas nauki w szkołach prawniczych zatwierdzonych przez Ministerstwo Sprawiedliwości. W latach 1947–1952 w Polsce było sześć szkół prawniczych. Jedną z nich była szkoła w Szczecinie, otwarta od 3 czerwca 1950 roku do 19 sierpnia 1951 roku. Owa szkoła za cel postawiła sobie edukację nowego personelu, tak aby uczniowie mogli zostać w przyszłości mianowani na stanowisko sądownicze nie tylko jako ludzie z podstawową wiedzą z danego zakresu (zarówno teoretyczną, jak i praktyczną), ale również jako ludzie z „odpowiednią” ideologią. Szkoła funkcjonowała jako odpowiednik placówki ponadgimnazjalnej, a nauka w niej trwała 14 miesięcy. Populacja uczniów tej szkoły składała się ze 182 osób w wieku od 23 do 30 lat, które pokładały swe zaufanie oraz pewność w nowej, komunistycznej władzy. Była to jednocześnie grupa aktywistów społecznych oraz politycznych, pochodzących głównie z klasy pracującej lub z chłopskiego rodu, którzy nie przeszli edukacji gimnazjalnej. Dzięki aktom osobowym, przechowywanym w archiwum Sądu Regionalnego w Szczecinie, autorzy artykułu rzucają światło na profile studentów szczecińskiej szkoły prawniczej, którzy mieli odbyć aplikację w Sądzie Apelacyjnym w Szczecinie.
EN
In Poland of the Old Polish Period women were not allowed to hold any public functions. One of the few exceptions was the function of the queen, however, even the queen could only engage in charity work. Therefore, in the light of memoirs and literature dating back to the 16th–18th century period women descending from aristocratic families fulfilled a role of, among others, intermediaries in men’s actions – both as mothers and wives were engaged in family affairs that required seeking a proper protection from someone holding an appropriate function. This role was also fulfilled by widows, especially wealthy and influential ones, who enabled personal contacts with holders of public functions. Among such intermediaries were also mistresses and women who in exchange for financial gains offered their aid in establishing such connections. Intellectual mediation was used, which was a means of communication of messages and views, the best example of which was a poet Elżbieta Drużbacka. Property owned by eligible spinsters (dowry, real property and at times also valuables and assets bequeathed for life) – constituted a chance of coming to wealth or social promotion. A wife’s family, in the event of kinship and affinity with renowned lineages offered also an opportunity to be promoted to better and higher functions in the contemporary Poland, therefore marrying into such a family was very much desired by men and their families and next of kin. A widow was for young men also a pass to a better and wealthier lifestyle. In such an event age or beauty was often of no significance whatsoever. On the other hand, in an event of selection of a wife in order to generate a heir a woman’s age was highly important, as well as her health, which was verified by a physician. In spite of the official attitudes towards women during the Old Polish Period and attempts to isolate them in both political and socio-cultural life, women would be utilized by men in many areas. Men would use women’s position, connections and financial resources, which both directly and indirectly had an influence on implementation of political objectives and family policy.
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