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PL
W artykule rozważane są zagadnienia dotyczące stabilności obliczeń numerycznych, które od strony aplikacyjnej stanowią istotę przeprowadzanych eksperymentów komputerowych z modelami matematycznymi systemów chaotycznych. Autor konkluduje, iż warunkiem obserwowania i badania przebiegów chaotycznych w modelu systemu dynamicznego jest możliwość wykonywania obliczeń z wystarczająco dużą dokładnością. Warunki takie może zapewnić nowa i odpowiednio wykorzystana technika komputerowa.
EN
The efficient research instruments commonly used for identification of chaotic system dynamics include computer-aided simulation experiment. Properly selected software allows generation of time series of required length that result from observation of a mathematical model of the given chaotic system. Computer software can also be used for calculations to support the analysis of simulation results. The computer-aided calculations are the ground for conclusions on the dynamics of the chaotic system model. The accuracy and significance of calculations affect the conclusion viability. The paper presents selected aspects of specific numerical calculations used in computer-aided experiments with chaotic system models.
PL
W niniejszej pracy dominowało eksperymentalne podejście badawcze, obejmujące metody, mające postać symulacji komputerowych dotyczących zachowania się matematycznych modeli systemów dynamicznych. Główne narzędzie prowadzonych badań stanowiła aplikacja z grupy elektronicznych arkuszy obliczeniowych. Prezentowane rezultaty przeprowadzonych badań wykazują, że techniczny aspekt wykonywania obliczeń związanych z modelami systemów, w których jest obserwowany chaos, może mieć istotny wpływ na końcowe wyniki eksperymentów symulacyjnych. W badaniach związanych z komputerową analizą systemów chaotycznych istotną rolę odgrywać może właściwy wybór sprzętu komputerowego oraz oprogramowania zapewniających odpowiednią dokładność i stabilność numeryczną prowadzonych obliczeń.
EN
The significant aspects of using simulation methods for examination of the dynamics of chaotic systems include numerical stability of computer-aided calculations. The paper presents selected problems of the impact of arithmetic calculation accuracy on the performance of chaotic system models. The results show that the selection of computing procedure and accuracy level may largely affect the conclusions drawn on the basis of computer-aided calculations.
EN
The article is not a regular narrative. It is rather a review of chosen attitudes of population of the Lublin province in the years 1944–1956. It portrays relations between the ruling and the ruled and the question of the attitudes of the population towards the anticommunist underground. Additionally – because of the rural character of that province (in 1950 about 76% inhabitants of that region earned their living off the farming) – the important factors were various forms of resistance developed by the rural population, usually economic ones (especially attempts to avoid collectivisation). Most of the mentioned forms of social resistance were usually the reaction to the activity of the rulers who disturbed the private and axiological area of an individual or a community. It is possible to classify the discussed behaviours according to three categories: resistance (moral resistance – passive and active, military underground movement), adaptation (self-preservation behaviours), and involvement (in the creation of regime). All those attitudes and behaviours often interpenetrated, being shared by the same persons (e.g. a parallel membership the Union of Polish Youth – ZMP and Catholic organisations or youth anti-communist underground).
PL
Niniejszy artykuł nie stanowi zwartej narracji, lecz raczej przegląd wybranych postaw mieszkańców Lubelszczyzny w latach 1944–1956. Ukazuje przede wszystkim relację rządzeni–rządzący oraz kwestię stosunku ludności do podziemia antykomunistycznego. Dodatkowo – ze względu na rolniczy charakter województwa (w 1950 r. z pracy na roli utrzymywało się ok. 76% ludności regionu) – ważne były formy oporu stosowane przez ludność wiejską, zazwyczaj o charakterze ekonomicznym (zwłaszcza ucieczka przed kolektywizacją). Większość z opisanych form oporu była najczęściej reakcją na działania rządzących, naruszających sferę prywatną i aksjologiczną jednostki lub zbiorowości. Omówione zachowania można uporządkować według trzech kategorii: opór (opór moralny – bierny i czynny, konspiracja zbrojna), przystosowanie (zachowania samozachowawcze) oraz zaangażowanie. Wszystkie te postawy i zachowania wzajemnie się przenikały, stając się często udziałem tych samych osób, które odgrywały różne role społeczne (np. równoległe członkostwo w ZMP i w katolickich stowarzyszeniach czy w konspiracyjnych organizacjach młodzieżowych).
EN
Engagement in university enrolment was one of the elements of security apparatus activities within so called ideological offensive among the youth, which was led by party and state authorities. UB played an important role in changing the social origin of students. Information about students provided by UB officers were one of the main premises in allowing such a person for matriculation. Thanks to close cooperation with members of enrolment commissions, especially with so called “social factor”, UB officers had an impact on the examination results of “unwanted” people, who, despite they might have got positive marks, were not accepted, for example under the pretext of lack of vacancies. Participation in selecting students-to-be was at the same time a perfect tool to “discipline” all the youth and even their families. Such activities included also a specially understood “protection” of academic environments, that is expelling “undesirable” people and providing for places for people “with the proper class origin”. Judging on accessible UB documents it is not possible to decide what number of students got negative response. According to the data of Lublin Provincial Office of Public Security from 1948, 18% of people who applied for Maria Curie-Skłodowska University were deprived of the possibility to study. The security authorities admitted that verifi cation of candidates made by UB brought some planned results. It did not mean though that the sieve was dense enough. There were cases when “undesirable” from the point of view of party and state authorities people would begin their academic studies. That is why security organs with local party committees and university authorities tried to lead “prophylactic actions”, that is to expel the given students. Nevertheless, party and state authorities, and thus security organs were avoiding making the number of young Poles with “negative” marks too high.
EN
The Association of the Polish Youth (Związek Młodzieży Polskiej, ZMP) established in July 1948 became one of the most important helpers of the party and state authorities when implementing the ‘ideological offensive’ among the young generation. The aim of the organization, among others, was to engage the youths in the ‘class fi ght’. That is why the ZMP (which from 1951 was the only official youth organization) supervised all forms of activities of the youth who where deprived of any possibility to gather outside structures subordinated to communists. Carrying out the tasks entrusted to them, the ZMP authorities co-operated with another institution which was equipped with means of ‘disciplining’ different social groups – the Offi ce of Security (Urząd Bezpieczeństwa, UB). The UB employees perceived the ZMP as both the ally in the process of supervising the youth and also the next ‘surveillance object’. That is why in the documents executed by them we may fi nd fragments referring to using the ZMP, and to be more exact, the leaders and members-confidents as a source of information on the moods of the youth. In some cases the ZMP members helped select candidates for secret collaborators. Sometimes the selected activists also pursued other goals: isolating the young generation from the ‘undesirable’ – according to the party and state authorities– infl uences of teachers, scout instructors, priests. The ZMP activists organized propaganda operations orchestrated by the UB consisting in condemning a catechist or a form tutor. Simultaneously, the officers recruited from the community secret collaborators whose task was to keep surveillance over all youths, including the members as well as the leaders of the ZMP. The described methods were typical of the daily work of security apparatus bodies co-operating with the ZMP as one of the creators of the Stalinist system responsible for the youth circles. The representatives of the UB similarly as the representatives of the communist party could treat the Association in a strictly utilitarian manner being interested only in using it for the realization of specific – sometimes short-term – goals. The co-operation between those organizations was to be secret and unknown to society. Lublin region serves as the example illustrating the cooperation between the ZMP and the UB among others on disciplining the youth.
EN
One of the missions the communists set themselves was to change the outlook of the young Poles. One of the ways they wanted to do this was by eliminating the influence of the Catholic Church on them and trying to secularise them. The main role in the implementing of this plan was to be played by the Union of Polish Youth (ZMP) created in 1948, the only official youth organisation at the time. The aim of the article is to show whether in the years 1948–1956 the members of the Union changed their attitude towards the Catholic Church and if the possible change was a result of the ideological activity of their organisation. This problem has been discussed based on the behaviour of the youth in the Lublin province (województwo), where the majority consisted of a rural population which was strongly attached to Catholicism. The first part of the article describes the members of the Union’s behaviour, which show their attachment to the Catholic Church. It presents, among others, their participation in the events of “Lublin miracle” in 1949. The Union activists participated in retreats, Masses and received Sacraments. They participated in religion lessons organised in school and in Church. They would defend the priests teaching them religion, who were being removed from the school. Some of them would belong to Catholic youth organisations at the same time. On the other hand there was the behaviour of another part of the Union, of those who had already gone through the mental transformation. They demanded the removal of religion from schools and removed crucifixes. Some co-operated with the security services, spying on catechists, teachers and classmates. However, it needs to be said that changes in the mentality of particular members cannot be seen as an evolution of the collective outlook of this group. The majority remained believers and participated in religious life. They tried to combine the Union ideology with values taken from the family home. Despite the hopes of the United Polish Workers’ Party (PZPR) and the Union of Polish Youth there were no mass conversions to Marxism-Leninism. In 1956, when it was possible to drop out of the Union, many people from the Lublin region were prepared to do so.
EN
Having had Polish society under systematic observation, the security apparatus was able to carry out its basic operational activity which was maintaining control over people. Among those under surveillance, there were not only ordinary people but also those being imprisoned in detention centres/ custodies and in jails. They were deeply infiltrated by a group of informers, the so-called cell agent network (prisoners-stoolies) recruited among detainees. That special category of the TW (TW – tajny współpracownik, secret collaborator) was considered to be one of the most important elements of the operational activity. All pieces of information they managed to gather provided investigation functionaries with the solid base for further investigations, interrogations, arrestments, new trials and litigations. Those prison secret collaborators, operating within particular cells, were simultaneously fulfilling two categories of tasks: while they were acting like informants supplying investigation officers with information gained from observation and chats conducted with detainees, they also – by playing psychological game – incited them to particular behaviours. For instance, they made selected inmates accept all the accusations brought against them by imputing the acts never committed. What is more, cell agents reported to the SB not only their “friends” from jail but also the prison staff.
EN
Between 1944 and 1956 those of young people who expressed their opposition to the communist ideology and atheism present in everyday life and also to the permanent violation of freedom, made a decision to get involved in underground activity. According to the IPN’s records, they formed throughout the country at least 972 clandestine organizations with 11 thousand members. Newly created associations referred to various traditions (scouting movement, religion, Home Army, WiN [Wolność i Niezawisłość, Freedom and Independence], BCh [Bataliony Chłopskie, Polish Peasants’ Battalions], NSZ [Narodowe Siły Zbrojne, National Armed Forces], peasant and national movements). In the youth’s conspiracy work three phases could be distinguished. The first one was a present activity of that time – preparation to the change of political system mainly due to an armed struggle. Young people gained military qualifications and conducted campaign aimed at educating conspiracy members about the ongoing political situation and at formation of the civil attitude of the local communities (in leaflets – rather than in the underground press – they appealed to people to preserve their national identity, to maintain resistance and to remain independent of official propaganda’s influence). The next planned phase was to be an direct involvement in military struggle against the enemy, at the side of Polish Army advancing form the West, leading to a restoration of the independence of the country. There were however two major categories of associations – military and scout. Józef Piłsudski was chosen the ideological patron of some of them, whereas others referred to the national conceptions or even to the theory of socialism simultaneously rejecting its contemporary concept. They youth conspiracy activists had vision of the Poland’s future. It was to become democratic country, guaranteeing political and economic freedom and civil liberties. Regardless of the fact that during the first decade of Peoples’ Republic of Poland the youth conspiracy members were not numerous, they were those who – after the defeat of “adult underground” – took over an heritage of an anticommunist resistance: gros grup (about 66 per cent) was active between the years 1949 and 1953.
Dzieje Najnowsze
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2022
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vol. 54
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issue 2
109-129
EN
The political system of ‘People’s Poland’ complies with a definition of a ‘monocentric system’ proposed by Stanisław Ossowski. The rulers deprived the citizens of their subjectivity, controlled them, and destroyed the values significant to them. In response to that, some young people established underground organisations striving to change the political regime and preserve their freedom. The article verifies the hypothesis: the youth undergrounds organisations were a form of political opposition in the monocentric system.
PL
Ustrój „Polski Ludowej” mieścił się w zaproponowanej przez Stanisława Ossowskiego definicji „systemu monocentrycznego”. Rządzący odebrali obywatelom podmiotowość, poddali ich kontroli i niszczyli istotne dla nich wartości. W odpowiedzi część młodzieży powołała tajne organizacje, dążąc do zmiany reżimu i ochrony własnej wolności. Celem artykułu jest weryfikacja hipotezy: podziemne związki młodzieżowe stanowiły formę opozycji politycznej w systemie monocentrycznym
PL
Wykonywanie przyrostowych kopii zapasowych jest zdecydowanie bardziej efektywne od tworzenia archiwizacji całościowej danych. W przypadku dużych zbiorów różnice w czasie procesu wykonywania kopii i objętości pliku tworzonego materiału widać natychmiast, ponieważ kopio-wane są tyko pliki, w których nastąpiły zmiany, co znacznie zmniejsza ilość miejsca potrzebnego na przechowywanie kolejnych kopii. W artykule tym pokazano przykład wykorzystania systemu do wykonywania kopii zapasowej z kontrolą wersji backupu, która pozwala w przypadku częstych zmian treści w plikach szybko odnaleźć i przywrócić właściwą wersję. Połączenie tego rozwiązania z Cronem umożliwia całkowitą automatyzację procesu.
EN
This article shows an example of use of the system to perform a backup of the backup version control, which allows for frequent changes to the content in the files quickly locate and restore the correct version. Combining this approach with Cron allows to completely automate the process.
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PL
Celem artykułu jest wykazanie niedoskonałości protokołu zabezpieczającego WEP stosowanych w sieciach WiFi. Pokazano jak za pomocą ogólnie dostępnych narzędzi można złamać hasło dostępowe.
EN
The purpose of this article is to show imperfections WEP security protocol used in WiFi networks. Shown how to use widely available tools can crack a password.
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100%
PL
Celem artykułu jest wykazanie niedoskonałości protokołu zabezpieczającego WPA/WPA2 stosowanych w sieciach WiFi. Pokazano, jak za pomocą ogólnie dostępnych narzędzi można przeprowadzić atak słownikowy w celu złamania hasła.
EN
The purpose of this article is to show imperfections WPA/WPA2 security protocol used in WiFi networks. Shown how to use widely available tools can be carried out a dictionary attack to break the password. Indigenous password is the first step for further exploration of the system or the captured data, so its protection is such an important factor in determining safety. In the applica-tion of this type of security password power plays a very important role, as in the case of a strong password is not possible breakage. In other words, it is a dictionary attack. If the password is not in the dictionary attacker is not broken.
PL
Niniejszy artykuł stanowi krótkie wprowadzenie w zagadnienia bezpieczeństwa danych w sys-temach komputerowych. Zagadnienia te stanowią ważny element polityki bezpieczeństwa. Zwró-cono szczególną uwagę na aspekt bezpieczeństwa do informacji elektronicznej jako procesu.
EN
This article provides a brief introduction to data security in computer systems. These issues are an important part of security policy. Special attention was paid to the security aspect of electronic information as a process.
PL
Celem artykułu jest opisanie prostego sposobu monitorowania integralności wybranych ele-mentów systemu z wykorzystaniem standardowych poleceń systemu operacyjnego Linux. Zapew-nienie integralności kluczowych plików konfiguracyjnych systemu skutkuje jego prawidłowym i niezmiennym działaniem w procesie przetwarzania danych.
EN
This article is to describe a simple method for monitoring the integrity of the system using standard Linux operating system command. Ensuring the integrity of key configuration files pro-vide the correct and consistent operation in data processing.
PL
Teoria ewolucji w postaci opracowanej na potrzeby nauk biologicznych dostarczyła niezwykle inspirujących koncepcji, które znalazły mniej lub bardziej dosłowne zastosowanie w szeregu różnorodnych dziedzin nauki. Analogie ewolucyjne przeniknęły także do ekonomii, gdzie w zależności od konkretnego podejścia funkcjonują jako bardzo dokładne analogie bądź luźne metafory. Mimo że zjawiska ewolucji biologicznej wydają się odległe od rzeczywistości ekonomicznej, niemniej jednak niektóre koncepcje ewolucyjne, gdy zostaną zastosowane do opisu zjawisk społeczno-ekonomicznych, okazują się bardzo odpowiednim narzędziem. W tym artykule prezentowane są rozważania poświęcone wybranym podobieństwom procesów adaptacji i postępu. Procesy te analizowane niezależnie od siebie można uważać za osobne zjawiska. Adaptacja zachodzi raczej w skali pojedynczych jednostek i dąży do osiągnięcia jak najlepszego dopasowania do warunków otoczenia poprzez odpowiednie dostrojenie zachowania. Z drugiej strony postęp dokonuje się w skali całych społeczeństw i prowadzi do zmiany owych warunków otoczenia. Oba procesy przebiegają w różnych skalach czasu, rozległości zasięgu i liczebności zaangażowanych jednostek, osadzone są jednak na wspólnym podłożu samoreplikacji – podstawowego procesu zapewniającego ciągłość, różnorodność i elastyczność systemów biologicznych oraz systemów w naturalny, nietechnologiczny sposób stworzonych przez człowieka. Replikacja niemal dokładnych kopii tych samych elementów powtarzana bezustannie umożliwia podtrzymanie ciągłości istnienia systemu pomimo nieuniknionego starzenia się i podupadania jego elementów. Jednocześnie drobne odstępstwa od doskonałej precyzji replikacji pozwalają całemu systemowi osiągać stopniowy postęp w kolejnych pokoleniach. Rozwój jednostki i postęp całego systemu są z sobą ściśle związane i muszą zachodzić tak, by w każdej chwili współistniały z sobą wszystkie etapy, w przeciwnym razie może dojść do utraty zdolności regeneracji systemu.
EN
The theory of evolution as developed for the biological sciences has provided very inspiring concepts that have found more or less literal use in a number of different fields of science. Evolutionary analogies are also found in economics, where they function as very accurate analogies or loose metaphors, depending on the specific approach. Although the phenomena of biological evolution appear to be far from economic reality, some evolutionary concepts, when used to describe socio-economic systems and processes, prove to be a very suitable tool. This paper discusses selected similarities of adaptation and progress. These processes analysed independently from one another can be regarded as separate phenomena. Adaptation takes place rather on a scale of single individuals and strives to achieve the best fit to the environment through appropriate tuning of behaviour. On the other hand, progress occurs on the scale of whole societies and leads to changes in the environmental conditions. Both the processes take place on different scales of time, range extent and number of individuals involved. However, both phenomena are based on a common foundation of self-replication, the basic process which ensures continuity, diversity and flexibility of biological systems and also systems created by man in natural, non-technological way. Replication of almost exact copies of the same elements repeated incessantly allows to maintain the continuity of the system in spite of inevitable decline and ageing of its components. At the same time, minor deviations from perfect precision of replication allow the whole system to achieve gradual progress in subsequent generations. The development of an individual and the progress of the entire system are closely related and must occur in such a way that all the stages coexisted with each other at any time, otherwise the ability of the system to regenerate can be lost.
PL
Artykuł omawia możliwości wykorzystania metod teorii zbiorów rozmytych w symulacyjnym badaniu dynamiki systemów ekonomicznych. Rozmyte, z natury rzeczy, rezultaty takich eksperymentów symulacyjnych cechuje wielowymiarowość, dostarczająca szerokiego spektrum informacji o badanym procesie. Klasyczne metody analizy oparte przede wszystkim na przetwarzaniu opisu rzeczywistości w kategoriach systemów probabilistycznych nie są dostosowane do eksploracji potencjalnych możliwości badawczych związanych z wykorzystaniem systemów rozmytych, zwłaszcza w sytuacji gdy badanie dynamiki systemowej jest prowadzone nie tylko w odniesieniu do danego systemu rzeczywistego, ale także w łączności z procesem zmian w warstwie ocen możliwości realnego wystąpienia obrazu tej dynamiki.
EN
The paper presents some ideas, showing that the methods of fuzzy sets may be effective in simulation studies of the economic systems dynamics. Fuzzy, by nature, results of such simulation studies are characterized as multidimensional and providing a wide range of information about the studied process. Classical methods of making analysis, which are mainly based on transforming the description of reality in terms of probabilistic systems, are not adjusted to exploration of potential experimental capacities connected with the use of the fuzzy sets, especially in the situation when the studying of the system dynamics is carried out not only with reference to the real system, but also along with the process of changes brought about in the sphere of a possibilities evaluation of real appearance of a picture of that dynamics. In case of studying the dynamics of economic systems, using the model of a system dynamics along with the fuzzy-collective modification, the concept of verifying feedback may refer to the management process. In the course of that process a loop verifying feedback can be placed. Simulative studying of that loop, from the point of view of the system engineering, should lead to conclusions concerning the quality of the management systems. Stating the relationship between the process of management and the state of the executive system makes it possible to formulate general rules of the theory of the system capacity to function. This theory presents a proposition of a content-related interpretation of the fuzzy results of the simulation studies with the fuzzy-collective modification in the study of the economic systems dynamics.
EN
Typical models of human communities often involve networks consisting of several individuals connected by weaker or stronger ties. These networks provide a structured pathway of signal transmission through the community. In the modern information society, however, one observes a different type of community, which lacks a clearly defined and consistent structure. This paper presents a computer model of one such tie-less community, in which individuals pass the signal to random peers in random moments of time. Several simulations performed with the use of this model reveal that the tie-less community has interesting properties which are analogous to certain phenomena that occur in typical networks, including percolation, phase transitions and self-sustaining oscillations.
EN
Internet auctioning is becoming more and more popular among Polish customers who prefer centralised markets where all offers can be easily compared by price, which is impossible with pure auctions. An increasing number of sales are therefore utilising different selling mechanisms that are essentially the equivalent of online shopping. There may also be another reason for the growing popularity of this kind of sale: supply and demand are better balanced than in bidding mechanisms. This issue has become important for sellers seeking to satisfy all of their potential customers. Computer simulations reveal similar problems with satisfying every customer’s expectations as well as with sharing limited resources in a multitasking computer environment. Conclusions indicate that the bidding mechanism is not an efficient way to pair buyers and sellers and that it does not balance supply and demand even if a state of equilibrium is possible.
EN
The primary objective of the article was to examine the level and efficiency structure of insurance companies on life insurance market  in Poland. The study presents critical analysis of the insurance literature relating to technical efficiency of insurers, i.e. methods of estimating efficiency, the form of the efficiency  frontier  model, the choice of production factors and insurance production. The study used the methods of mathematical and econometric modelling in SFA  method. The results the technical efficiency study for 22 life insurance companies for a period between 2011-2020 using the SFA method, showed high average cost efficiency of insurers (0.9140) and lower profit efficiency (0. 8565). It was confirmed that a group of large companies achieved higher cost efficiency than the remaining companies, suggesting that large companies benefited from the scale of production.  In contrast, higher average profit efficiency was recorded for the remaining companies.
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