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Interrupce v socialistickém Československu z foucaultovské perspektivy

100%
Dudova R.
Gender, rovné příležitosti, výzkum (Gender, Equal Opportunities, Research)
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2009
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vol. 10
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issue 1
25-36
EN
The right to end an unwanted pregnancy as an integral part of the full citizenship of women has been influenced, reinfluenced, and questioned by different actors in the Czech Republic since the 1950s. Until 1986 the right to abortion was not viewed as a woman's personal right, but depended upon the decision of abortion commissions and was influenced by the current demographic and political situation. The decision-making process was a very embarrassing experience for many women, who in fact had no other means of contraception available to them. In this paper, the authoress analyses the legal and political regulation of abortion from the perspective of Foucault´s theory of governmentality and biopower. Abortion regulation is an example of how state power influences and disciplines the bodies of its subjects, how it regulates the population and shapes it according to the government's needs. Through the regulation of abortion, the state not only attempted to restrict a woman's right to make decisions about her own body, but also defined which of its citizens should or should not become a parent and under what circumstances, and who should or should not have the right to be born. In the text the authoress first presents the theory of governmentality, then she analyses the periods of the regulation of abortion in socialist Czechoslovakia, and finally she shows how this regulation can be understood as an instrument of a specific form of governmentality typical of totalitarian communist regime.
2
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Práce jako řešení? Strategie obživy osamělých matek v ČR

100%
Dudova R.
Sociologický časopis. Czech Sociological Review
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2009
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vol. 45
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issue 4
753-785
EN
When examining the gender of institutions of parenthood, lone motherhood is a key issue. In this article the authoress focuses on the economic implications of lone motherhood and on the strategies that women living with children without a partner develop in order to ensure their livelihood. The authoress begins by presenting the theoretical background and some results from European and North American research on lone motherhood. She then provides an overview of research on lone parenthood done in the Czech Republic since 1959. Finally, the authoress describes the qualitative study she conducted on divorced mothers. The results show how women deal economically with marital separation and which livelihood strategies they opt for. The research methodology was based on constructivist grounded theory and the technique of interviews. From the research results the authoress distinguishes five basic strategies that can be combined and that are based on the sources that women have at their disposal. Those strategies may differ in terms of their degree of success, dependence/independence on others, and their efficacy at different points in time. The results also indicate that the success of these working strategies depends mainly on the age of the youngest child in the family and the caring responsibilities required by that age. The authoress argues that while for some women heading one-parent families paid work is an option that allows them to obtain a certain degree of independence and self-confidence, its efficacy depends on the context and immediate conditions in which the women find themselves. Overstressing the employment of lone mothers as a universal solution may thus lead to new dependencies.
3
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Sekundarizace pracovního trhu v ČR: příklad práce pokladních v prodejnách zahraničních obchodních řetězců

63%
Dudova R., Tomasek M.
Gender, rovné příležitosti, výzkum (Gender, Equal Opportunities, Research)
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2008
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vol. 9
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issue 2
67-77
EN
Secondary labour markets usually involve job positions with forced flexibility and non-standard working conditions (part-time contracts, fixed-term contracts, work without a contract). They are characterized by no advancement prospects or opportunities for further education, exhausting physical work with inadequate wages and job insecurity, and a frequently long and tiring commute. The working conditions in this sector of the labour market often contribute to marginalization and then to the social exclusion of those who happen to be caught long term in this sector of the labour market instead of preventing and saving them from the risk of marginalization and social exclusion. One of the ways in which secondarization occurs is the universal introduction of part-time contracts in a particular sector of the labour market which then becomes an involuntary trap of underemployment, underpaid wage, insecurity and discrimination. The profession of cashier in foreigner retail chains is an example of such a development. This qualitative study shows the step by step degradation of the employment conditions in this sector and how the lives of women and men working in the sector have deteriorated. At the same time, the condition and status of the profession overall are declining. This phenomenon is referred to as the 'secondarization' process.
4
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THE CONDITIONS OF PARENTHOOD IN ORGANISATIONS: AN INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON

51%
Krizkova A., Marikova H., Dudova R., Sloboda Z.
Sociologický časopis. Czech Sociological Review
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2009
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vol. 45
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issue 3
519-548
EN
The paper focuses on organisations and the conditions for working parents in terms of combining work and care and how those conditions are set up and negotiated in organisations. The research draws on three case studies comparing pairs of companies active in the Czech Republic and in one of the following countries - Germany, France, and Sweden - in the field of engineering. The goal is to explore in depth the conditions that Czech working parents are faced with and that derive from the organisational processes and means and dynamics of negotiating conditions for working parents, and to compare them with the conditions in other countries and identify the sources of variability of these conditions. Important differences between a company's family-friendly practices in its home country and in its Czech branches are primarily determined by the differences in the way in which welfare regimes are set up in individual countries. In addition, the authors identify the following five main interlinked factors explaining the variability of family-friendly policies and practices in organisations: parental (maternity) ideologies, the organisational culture of non-discrimination and equal opportunities, the actors' activity in work relations, the role of trade unions in negotiations, and the given organisation's experience with employees-parents.
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