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1

On some characteristics of specialised languages and specialised texts

100%
Banczerowski J.
Magyar Nyelvor (Hungarian Language Guardian)
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2004
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vol. 128
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issue 4
446-452
EN
The special vocabulary and cognitive syntax of a concrete language for special purposes (= technolect) differ from those of general-purpose standard language in a number of respects. The latter has functions that are alien from languages for special purposes. The primary function of technolects is their instrumental function. In addition, they are characterised by cognitive and communicative functions. However, functions that lie at the heart of natural language, such as the expressive, impressive, and poetic functions, do not belong to the set of functions of technolects. Special vocabularies are characterised by the principles of (1) adequacy, (2) actuality, and (3) productivity. The degree of adequacy is determined by the quantity of special knowledge involved, whereas that of actuality is determined by its quality. Productivity means the potential predicted for the given special branch of knowledge. On the semantic plane, technolects are characterised by monosemy; on the morphological plane, by simplification, and on the stylistic plane, by neutrality. In addition, they are typically characterised by (1) the openness of the terminological stock; (2) orientation towards classical languages in coining new terms; and (3) susceptibility to conceptual refashioning of terms due to various interdisciplinary connections. Additional functions that can be attributed to special texts are those of (1) accumulation, (2) transmission, and (3) knowledge improvement. Successful application of the first of these means, among other things, the necessity to reconstruct the appropriate theoretical context that the given quantity of knowledge fits into. The function of transmission requires an actualisation of the specialised information to the given receiver. The function of knowledge improvement, in turn, stems from the nature of technical communication whose basic task is a quest for ever newer forms of knowledge. The semantic coherence of specialised texts is expressed in phenomena like (1) thematic progression, (2) synsemanticity of the individual sentences, (3) multiple repetitions of the same terms, as well as (4) anaphora and cataphora.
2

Hungarian metainformational verbs concerning the value of information and the processing of information

100%
Banczerowski J.
Magyar Nyelvor (Hungarian Language Guardian)
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2004
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vol. 128
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issue 2
121-128
EN
1. Information transmitted from sender to receiver has a certain value, determined primarily by the following factors: (1) the truth value of the information; (2) the degree of informatedness of the receiver; (3) the amount of redundancy in the information. Metainformational verbs that reflect the value of the information as determined by the receiver show that the evaluation of the truth value of the information can be performed in two different respects: (1) from the point of view of the information sender; (2) from the point of view of the metainformation sender. The sender's attitude with respect to the information he transmits, as well as his opinion on the truth value of the information that he additionally conveys to the receiver, are described by verbs like 'állit' (state), 'biztosit' (assure), etc. The opinion of the sender of the metainformation as to the truth value of the information transmitted by the (other) sender is signalled by verbs like 'hazudik' (lie), 'valótlanságot mond/állit' (tell an untruth), etc.. These verbs may also suggest the degree of falsity of the information. The same information can be evaluated differently by diverse receivers. That evaluation is usually expressed by phrases that consist of the verb 'mond' (say) or 'beszél' (talk) and the appropriate nouns in the accusative, conveying the evaluation itself, like 'hülyeségeket' (stupid things), 'valótlanságot' (untruth), etc. 2. The human brain can be seen as an apparatus that transforms input information into new information as its output. Such procedures are described by metainformational verbs that point out the type of transformation involved, on the one hand, and characterise the input information to be processed, that is, the source of the transformed information, on the other. The verb often clearly defines the relationship between input and output information. A separate group of verbs refer to an active behaviour of the information processing apparatus but, at the surface, neither the input information nor the source of information is signalled. Verbs of mathematical operations also belong to verbs referring to type of transformation.
3

Metainformational pointers to meaning in texts

100%
Banczerowski J.
Magyar Nyelvor (Hungarian Language Guardian)
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2004
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vol. 128
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issue 3
323-326
EN
Metainformational operators may play various roles in linguistic texts: they participate in the organisation of the processes of conveying and receiving information, they characterise certain parts of verbal communication from various aspects, and serve as a source of linguistic, pragmatic, and extralinguistic information. In this paper operators of the following types are discussed: 'a szó szoros értelmében' (in a strict sense), 'a szó átvitt értelmében' (figuratively speaking), 'jogi nyelven fogalmazva' (to use legal parlance), 'ne tessék engem rosszul érteni' (do not get me wrong), 'mint tudjuk' (as we know), 'mint ismeretes' (as is well known), 'röviden szólva' (briefly) etc.
4

The concept of 'motherland' in the Hungarian linguistic image of the world

63%
Banczerowski J., Bardosi V.
Magyar Nyelvor (Hungarian Language Guardian)
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2004
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vol. 128
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issue 1
1-10
EN
'Motherland' is the name or call word of a cognitive domain that has become fixed in the Hungarian linguistic image of the world in terms of a view of the world that is characteristic of Hungarian language and culture. The internal taxonomy of that concept is made up of six domains referred to by the following lexemes: 'haza' (one's own country), 'hon' (otthon) (home(land)), 'anyaország' (mother country), 'anyaföld' (mother earth), 'szülohaza' (land of birth), 'szüloföld' (native soil). The basic dimension of the Hungarian concept of 'motherland' is space. In the centre of that space stands the 'house' that can be taken to be the prototype, in the sense of ancient model, of 'motherland'. The lexemes listed above all have the semantic field of 'anya' (mother) in their background. 'Mother' can be seen as the archetype of 'motherland' in the sense that the latter is grounded in the conceptual structures of the former and has a strong generative potential. The authors reconstruct the linguistic image of the concept of 'motherland' on the basis of a large linguistic material and cover some axiological aspects as well.
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