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AN OVERALL SURVEY OF FORCED MIGRATIONS IN OCCUPIED POLAND DURING WORLD WAR II

100%

Paczynska I.

Studia Historyczne

2006

vol. 49

issue 3-4

299-322

The article presents a typology of forced migration movements caused by German and Russian occupation of the territory of Poland during WW II (1939-1945) and an estimate of the numbers involved in individual population streams. The outbreak of the war and the German occupation triggered off the foilowing large-scale population movements: - displacements which accompany any war, connected with mobilization and military operations; - displacements under duress, caused by hostitities, occupation or a host of patriotic motives, ie. flight from home territory in anticipation of heavy fighting, the invasion of enemy troops, or in consequence of restrictions imposed by or on behalf of the military authorities; fight from home territory to avoid detention, because of involvement in the resistance movement or because of the decision to seek refuge abroad; - intemal migrations, which come as a result of decisions made by the occupying power, ie. population transfers and displacements in the territories incorporated into the German Reich and in the Generał Gouvernement, all kinds of deportations of the Jewish population, regional and local cleansing, eg. to make room for German settlers, or to create segregated German and Jewish residential zones in cities; evictions caused by the creation of military bases; deportations to all kinds of camps; mass detentions; depletion of able-bodied population caused by forced recruitment to the labour service (Baudienst); - external migrations, ie. displacement of population beyond the pre-war borders of Poland (forced labour, deportations of detainees and prisoners, deportations of ethnic Poles - including transfers of orphaned children to German institutions, transfers of prisoners of war, displacements which came as a result of conscription into the German army or other military/paramilitary formations of Polish citizens enrolled on the German Volksliste, forced recruitement to labour service m the 'Organisation Todt', evacuations in the last months of the war - including the evacuations of concentration camp inmates). The foliowing distinctions have been devised to cover the population movements in the territories annexed by the Soviet Union:- displacements of prisoners of war; - migrations of refugees from Western and Central Poland; -population transfers sanctioned by oftlcial agreements between the Soviet Union and the German Reich; - deportations from home territories; - local and regional displacement, ie. within designated resettlement areas or Soviet republics; - other forced migrations, eg. connected with conscription into the Red Army, compulsory work assignments, land appropriation for military use; - migrations triggered off by the outbreak of the German-Soviet war (flight from the approaching frontline; evacuation of factories, prisons, institutions, summer camps, etc); - migrations connected first with the formation of General Anders' Polish Army in the USSR and its departure for the Middle East; and later, migrations connected with the formation of General Berling's Polish Army; - Polish migrations which resulted from Ukrainian terror; - migrations in the last phase of the war.

The Arrests of November 1939 and their Role in the Policy of the German Occupation Authorities Towards the Polish Intelligentsia

100%

Paczynska I.

Studia Historyczne

2005

vol. 48

issue 1

61-74

One of the main objectives of Nazi policy in the occupied Poland was the wiping out of the Polish intelligentsia and the manner of dealing with it was spelled out in a series of directives from Hitler and other top Nazi officials (quoted in extenso in the article). In the first phase of the occupation the so-called special actions were conducted by task forces of the security police and the SS security service, liasing with the German armies operating on the territory of Poland. 'The political cleansing of the occupied territories' was carried out with remarkable speed and ruthlessness in Poland's northern and western provinces which were incorporated into the German Reich. There over 40 000 people were executed in the first days and weeks of the war. In the territories placed under a separate German administration the elimination of the Polish intelligentsia was to proceed within a longer time-scale. The article focuses in particular on the actions undertaken in November 1939. Einsatzkommando 2 of the Einsatzgruppe I, headed by SS-Sturmbahnführer Bruno Müller, conducted a number of raids and arrests in Cracow, including the arrest of the professors of the Jagiellonian University. Einsatzkommando 3, commanded by SS-Sturmbahnführer Alfred Hasselberg, conducted its operations first in the Rzeszów and then in the Lublin District. Einsatzkommando 2 under SS-Sturmbahnführer Fritz Liphardt from Einsatzgruppe III operated in the Radom District. The wave of arrests in November 1939 were merely the first stage of the war against the Polish intelligentsia in the General-Gouvernement. Stage Two, a large-scale 'pacification' code-named Außerordentliche Befriedigungsaktion, followed in the spring of 1940. Operations of this kind, aimed against the Polish intelligentsia, were repeated throughout the occupation period.

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AN OVERALL SURVEY OF FORCED MIGRATIONS IN OCCUPIED POLAND DURING WORLD WAR II

The Arrests of November 1939 and their Role in the Policy of the German Occupation Authorities Towards the Polish Intelligentsia