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PL
Mark Patrick Nevitt, On environmental law, climate change, & national security law (O prawie ochrony środowiska, zmianach klimatu i bezpieczeństwie narodowym), „Harvard Environmental Law Review” 2020, vol. 44, no. 2 (opr. Lucyna Staniszewska)
PL
Luís Roberto Barroso, Technological revolution, democratic recession, and climate change: The limits of law in a changing world (Rewolucja technologiczna, demokratyczna recesja i zmiany klimatyczne: granice prawa w zmieniającym się świecie), „International Journal of Constitutional Law” 2020, vol. 18, iss. 2 (opr. Lucyna Staniszewska)
EN
The aim of this paper is evaluation of the adequacy and fairness of the regulations governing financial sanctions for administrative torts pursuant to the provisions of the Polish Nature Conservation Act. The paper addresses the nature of administrative liability in the above respect. The nature of administrative liability and its purpose requires to pose a question whether the financial sanctions administered by administrative courts are adequate and not unnecessarily excessive, i.e. whether, in other words, if they are not unproportional to the ‘weight’ of the committed tort. Administrative monetary penalties should be proportional to the seriousness of the tort and to the individual circumstances of each case. Only a just punishment may act preventively on the perpetrator and on the society as well. The manner in which the proceedings aimed to determine administrative responsibility and sanction rulings are formed is discussed, and it is pointed out that the quasi-penal nature of administrative financial penalties should ensure that the procedural differences increase the procedural guarantees due to the administrated parties. The current legal system does not account for the possibility of waiving the punishment by an administrative body under special circumstances. However, this issue is currently being a subject of consultations in the course of a legislative process on the amendments to the proceedings regarding the Nature Conservation Act. The analysis of the existing regulations shows that illegal felling of trees is subject to excessive fines and is, therefore, in disproportion to the importance of the protected values.
PL
Przedmiotem artykułu jest próba oceny adekwatności i sprawiedliwości regulacji prawnej dotyczącej wymiaru sankcji pieniężnych z tytułu deliktów administracyjnych na gruncie ustawy o ochronie przyrody. Omówiony został charakter administracyjnoprawnej odpowiedzialności administrowanych oraz jej celu i funkcji, co w konsekwencji pozwala na dokonanie oceny, czy dolegliwości związane z wymierzaniem sankcji za delikty godzące w ochronę obiektów przyrody nie są nadmierne i nieproporcjonalne w stosunku do wagi popełnionych deliktów. Stymulacja ekonomiczna winna być proporcjonalna do wagi czynu i chronionych dóbr oraz do indywidualnych okoliczności sprawy. Tylko kara sprawiedliwa może oddziaływać prewencyjnie na sprawcę, a także na ogół społeczeństwa. Autorka opracowania zwraca także uwagę na sposób ukształtowania postępowania zmierzającego do orzeczenia sankcji. Odrębności proceduralne powinny zapewnić administrowanym gwarancje procesowe ze względu na quasi-penalny charakter administracyjnych kar pieniężnych. Na gruncie obowiązujących przepisów nie istnieje możliwość odstąpienia przez organ od wymierzenia kary pieniężnej ze względu na okoliczności szczególne. Kwestie te jednak są obecnie przedmiotem konsultacji w ramach procesu legislacyjnego nad zmianą przepisów ustawy o ochronie przyrody w zakresie administracyjnych kar pieniężnych. Dokonana analiza regulacji prawnych pozwala postawić tezę, że administracyjne kary pieniężne wymierzane za delikty godzące w ochronę terenów zielonych i zadrzewień są zbyt dotkliwe i nieproporcjonalne do wagi chronionych dóbr.
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EN
The formulation of legal provisions by the administration does not have to take the form of administrative decisions. One of the legal forms of the administration is public-law contracts. This is one of the forms of administration which still requires a further scientific analysis. Contracts are useful instruments, and therefore it may be worth looking at their different types and construction. They may be classified according to the parties to the legal relationship created. There are two types of contracts, i.e. between admin­istrative bodies and between an administrative body and an entity. The doctrine refers to contracts of the latter type as administrative and legal agreements. Such agreements have developed in the Polish legal order after the systemic changes. Unfortunately, the legislator has not provided their legal definition, they are regu­lated in special laws, most often by indicating contractual provisions constituting essentialia negotii. The doctrine does not explicitly define the character of the con­tracts concluded by the administrative body and its contractor, nor has the final characteristics of the content of contracts in the administration as a whole been made. There is still a lack of consensus as to the construction of public law contracts and the rules governing them. There is an urgent need to regulate the essence of administrative contracts, and in particular to indicate their construction and legal nature, in order to better protect legal entities entering into them. The purpose of public-law contracts is to improve the quality of administration, and increase the efficiency of administrative activities. More administrative contracts also mean higher decentralisation of the state. Moreover, the idea of extending the use of public-law contracts is consistent with the principle of the participatory role of citizens in achieving public effects. The Polish legislator may draw on the regulations of other countries, for instance Germany, where public-law contracts have received legal definitions.
EN
Lucyna Staniszewska: Ryan Nunn, Gabriel Scheffler, Occupational Licensing and the Limits of Public Choice Theory, „Administrative Law Review” 2019, vol. 4, iss. 2, s. 21–41, ISSN 0001-8368
PL
Lucyna Staniszewska: Ryan Nunn, Gabriel Scheffler, Reglamentowanie zawodowe i ograniczenia teorii wyboru zawodu „Administrative Law Review” 2019, vol. 4, iss. 2, s. 21–41, ISSN 0001-8368
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