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1
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Akatysty polskie Symeona z Połocka

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Kozak B.
Acta Polono-Ruthenica
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2004
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vol. Tom 1 Nr IX
7-19
EN
Simeon Polotski is very interesting as an individuality and writer. His creative work and lifestyle provoked a lot of contrary opinions. Some condemned him, others admired him. Never­ theless, it is useful to remember that Polotski left a huge poetic heritage, the close study of which has not been made of up to nowadays. It happened because of the fact that he was appreciated as the writer who had no readers. Generally he wrote for the royal family, which limited mainly the spreading of his books, and after the poet’s death all his books were banned by the Church. Among the numerous works by Simeon Polotski Akapist do Pana Naszego Jezusa Chrystusa and Akapist Najświętszej Pannie written in Polish attract our attention and witness that the Polish culture which he knew very well influenced the young poet a lot. One of the authors he read was Jan Kochanowski whose Psalter Rhymed he quoted. But these acathistuses are not just the translations but above all pieces of art. They have their own structure, composition, stylistic and linguistic devices. Keeping mainly the traditional form of the mass, Simeon enriches it, makes it more poetic, gives it baroque colouring. It is to be noted that Polotski has a very emotional attitude to Jesus and God’s Mother which is clearly visible in the vivid forms of address. The acathistus had been changing in due course, it had been readjusted and was not well preserved in the original and clear form to the present day. That is why the poetic version of Simeon Polotski appears to be a very important evidence, which has kept the curtain phase of the development of this genre.
2
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KIM JEST AMFINOGEN KRYŻANOWSKI – TAJEMNICZY MNICH Z SATYRY SYMEONA Z POŁOCKA

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Kozak B.
Acta Neophilologica
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2019
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vol. XXI/1
69-79
EN
Amfinogen Kryżanowski – the mysterious monk in the satire by Symeon of Polotsk
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WĘDRÓWKI DYLETANTÓW BUŁATA OKUDŻAWY – PROBLEMATYKA I KONFLIKTY

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Kozak B.
Acta Neophilologica
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2012
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vol. XIV/1
155-164
EN
Historical prose of Bulat Okudzhava is an interesting phenomenon. It belongs to the literary trend originating in the 20’s of the 20th century, when a rethinking and reappreciation of the past were postulated to plausibly lay out the genealogy of the present. Initially the authors of that period drew on big social and cultural upheavals and their heroes to explain the complicated relation between the individual and the revolution, and between the revolution and the Intelligentsia. In the Adventures of Dilettantes Okudzhava unambiguously follows those literary trails. He focuses on the momentous changes taking place in the Russian society in the second half of the 19th century and on the moralpsychological atmosphere of that time. One should note that the historicism of Okudzhava is of a very peculiar nature. It consists in considering the conflict between the individual and the authority not just in the historical perspective, but also in the philosophical, moral and deeply human aspects. In the novel Okudzhava proposes that totalitarian rule has not ever changed across the eras and tries to prove that hypothesis. In doing that the author is processing and transforming historical facts. Thus, the classic model of the historical novel is shattered since it is too constraining to accommodate elements of fiction, fantasy, dream, surreal visions. Okudzhava uses all of them to expand upon the spirituality of the characters.
4
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Rosja za kamiennym murem. Nowe średniowiecze w twórczości Władimira Sorokina (na przykładzie powieści Dzień oprycznika)

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Kozak B.
Acta Neophilologica
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2016
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issue 18/2
213-221
EN
The article debates the sources of the Russian national identity, inspired by the novel by Vladimir Sorokin Day of the Oprichnik. In this dystopian fiction Sorokin depicts Russia in the third decade of the 21st century as a place where technological progress meets a return to the ancient social order, encapsulated in the system of state controlled terror called the Oprichnina. Sorokin exploits that vision to reflect upon the Oprichnina as a diabolical constant relapsing in deceptively different costumes throughout centuries of Russian history. Indeed, in various press interviews the Russian novelist asserts that the Oprichnina constitutes the very foundation of the Russian national identity.
5
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„Chrystus jest Aqua” – metafory chrystologiczne w poezji Symeona z Połocka

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Kozak B.
Acta Neophilologica
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2013
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issue XV/2
129-137
EN
Metaphor is universally manifest in every language past and present and conspicuously embedded in the system of human cognition. We can assert that it plays the central role in the process of exploration and familiarization of the world. As such, metaphor is also one of the most interesting and complex means of poetic expression. Metaphor confronts concepts and objects belonging to different orders to bring a complex reality to the human dimensions, filtering and conditioning the world to his or her mindset and mental capacities. As a tool of exploration and habituation of the world metaphor is deeply rooted in human imagination and reflects the values of a community. It transforms incomprehensible ideas – including scientific or metaphysical abstracts but also such concepts as time or love – into familiar shapes and formulas. This paper presents and reviews the process of metaphorization of Christ in the poetry of Symeon of Polotsk. That Polish-Russian poet took profusely from the riches of the Baroque to create such masterpieces as poems Chrystus Aqua, Kamień, Chleb, Kwiat, Dweri, Król, Żywot, Męka, Śmierć – to name only those discussed in this paper. The poems selected by the author form a particularly interesting continuum of visions entirely built around metaphors which constitute and organize poetic expressions.
6
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Inspiracje biblijne we wczesnej poezji Symeona z Połocka

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Kozak B.
Acta Polono-Ruthenica
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2010
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vol. Tom 1 Nr XV
7-16
EN
The culture of Baroque nurtured reflection upon the human predicament and human relaltionswith God. Many literary texts of the period delved into the obscurity of human destiny, deathand the Last Judgement, calling for prudency and christian obedience. For those reasons the Biblewas the primary inspiration and constituted the canon of intellectual discourse. Biblical texts,particularly the Old Testament writings, were also potent sources of poetical stimuli for Baroqueauthors. The Gospels in turn were considered sacred, Jesus and Holy Mary untouchable by thevulgarity of poetic creations. Gospel themes appeared in the poetic writngs of the Baroque only tospread and emphasise the importance of christian ethics as illustrated by the birth, martyrdom anddeath of Jesus.Motifs and threads of the Gospels are also evident in the early works of Symeon of Polockwhich exemplifies a deeply religious character of his poetry.
7
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POEZJA PASYJNA SYMEONA Z POŁOCKA

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Kozak B.
Acta Neophilologica
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2011
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vol. XIII
177-187
EN
Passion poetry plays an important part in the early creative work of Symeon of Polotsk. Visions of Christ’s suffering sparkle in his poems with baroque ornaments - sophisticated symbo- lism and exquisite metaphors structured on contrast. Describing last hours of Christ before the crucifixion, Symeon does not run from vivid, naturalist imagery, full of cruelty and pain. The suffering does not belittle Jesus, on the contrary, in the eyes of Symeon it makes Him more powerful, the true Lord of all creation. The most characteristic for this series of poems is their emotional flavour. Symeon is very personal in these works. He does not scare from using a strong, graphic language that should engage all senses of the reader, even bring him/her to tears. Filled with imagery, the passion poetry of Symeon is designed to resonate with the inner world of the reader and induce mystical experiences. To that end Symeon uses the brutality of Christ’s suffering and other sophisticated literary concepts.
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Modelowanie pamięci zbiorowej w przemówieniach prezydentów Rosji W. Putina i D. Miedwiediewa w latach 2000–2020 z okazji Dnia Zwycięstwa

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Kozak B.
Prace Językoznawcze
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2021
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vol. XXIII/4
273–288
PL
II wojna światowa jest bardzo ważnym elementem rosyjskiej pamięci zbiorowej. Szczególną rolę w jej kształtowaniu i przetwarzaniu odgrywają instytucje władzy państwowej, w tym głowy państw. W niniejszej pracy zostanie podjęta próba analizy przemówień prezydentów Rosji – W. Putina i D. Miedwiediewa. Do analizy wybrano przemówienia z okazji Dnia Zwycięstwa, gdyż jest to jeden z najważniejszych punktów w rosyjskim kalendarzu świąt państwowych. Warto podkreślić, że są to teksty szczególnie interesujące w sytuacji, kiedy władze Federacji Rosyjskiej prowadzą i intensyfikują działania mające na celu ukształtowanie na nowo bądź też przekształcenie obrazu przeszłości w świadomości społecznej. W efekcie analizy okazało się, że działania perswazyjne polityków mają niezwykłe znaczenie i są świadomie nastawione na oddziaływanie na odbiorców, a obaj prezydenci wykorzystują podobne sposoby perswazji oraz chwyty retoryczne, podobnie apelują do ludzkich emocji i uczuć, podobnie wykorzystują pamięć o wojnie dla budowania wspólnoty, mającej symbolicznie zastąpić ZSRR. Różnica pojawia się z upływem czasu – pojęcie bratnich narodów zastępuje nieokreślona wspólnota tysiącletniej historii Rosji i jej wielonarodowościowego społeczeństwa. Należy podkreślić, że pojęcie „rosyjski” używane jest zamiennie z „radziecki”. Zmiany te są wyraźnie uwarunkowane aktualną sytuacją wewnętrzną i międzynarodową i jasno można odczytać w przemówieniach tak Putina, jak i Miedwiediewa współczesny kontekst polityczny.
EN
World War II remains a crucial element in the Russian collective memory. State institutions and particularly heads of state play a key role in the process of modelling and transforming it. This article scrutinises speeches of presidents V. Putin and D. Medvedev. The Focus is placed on the speeches delivered in the years 2000–2020 on the Victory Day, a date of utmost importance in the Russian state holidays calendar. The documents draw special attention in relation to the ongoing process of the Russian authorities transforming, or forming anew, the picture of the past in the minds of the Russian people. The analysis demonstrated powerful messages the addresses to the people purposefully convey and how both politicians use similar techniques and rhetorical tricks in appealing to people’s emotions and employ the memory of the past to build a community which is supposed to symbolically replace the USSR in people’s minds. The symbols gradually change – the concept of “brotherly nations” is replaced by a vague idea of a community based on one thousand years of Russian history, shared by the multi ethnic society, the term “Russian” being liberally interchanged with “Soviet.” These changes are clearly determined by the current internal and international situation and the modern political context is definitely visible in speeches of both presidents.
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