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EN
The term quality of life is difficult to define accurately, because it combines many different aspects, including economic, sociological, psychological and even these belonging to political science. Reflections on the quality of life appeared somewhere half of the twentieth century and are associated with attempts to realize the idea of so-called welfare economics, calling for the achievement of such economic development of the country in which the welfare state might occur. And then came the idea that quality of life is determined by the Gross Domestic Product index. But when discussing this issue, it turned out that one must also consider the Human Development Index, indicating the perspectives of other disciplines on this issue. So, the quality of life combines among other satisfaction of life, which is determined by many other factors.
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EN
Work is a very important activity for Homo sapiens, because it has distinguished this species from the animal world and enabled it to create other civilizations, which testifies to its psychophysical development. Although work has always been the key factor stimulating the phylogenetic development of people, and is likely to continue to do so, this fact was recognized only after people had become capable of scientific reflection on work. This article constitutes an attempt at presenting the process of shaping views on the moral value of human work and the factors conditioning the prevailing views on this issue.
PL
Praca jest działalnością szczególnie doniosłą dla gatunku Homo sapiens, ponieważ dzięki niej zdołał się on wyodrębnić ze świata zwierzęcego oraz mógł tworzyć kolejne cywilizacje, które wskazują na jego psychofizyczny rozwój. Ale chociaż praca była decydującym czynnikiem stymulującym filogenetyczny rozwój ludzi i jest nim nadal, to jednak dostrzeżenie tego faktu stało się możliwe dopiero wówczas, gdy ludzie osiągnęli zdolność do naukowej refleksji nad pracą. Artykuł ten jest próbą skrótowego ukazania procesu kształtowania się poglądów na moralną wartość pracy ludzkiej oraz na uwarunkowania istniejących poglądów na ten temat.
EN
The challenges to the education of our times are defined by the civilizational and social transformations which are taking place today faster than ever before in human history. These transformations - in my opinion - are primarly, caused by three processes, namely the rapidly progressing changes in science, technology and manufacturing, which are a consequence of the so-called scientific and technological revolution, the Polish accession to the European Union and globalization. And these processes and their resulting challenges for the education. I intend to deal with in my consideration.
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PL
Abstract: The margin of society in the context of sociology In social life, there are two different phenomena: the marginalization and exclusion, which are not identical because of its circumstances and implications. Marginalization is the result of the process stratification of social structures, and as a result of this process some persons, social categories or groups are being degraded or declassing and are considered as if they were outside the structures, which previously lived and was captured at the margins of society. However, the exclusion proceeding more or less radical and immediate causes reversible effects, such as in the case of exclusion someone from an association is possible to re‑accept it under certain conditions or irreversible in the case of sentencing someone to death. Exclu­sion may be partial or total, such as exclusion from one social group does not eliminate a person from participating in other group. Key words: marginalization, social exclusion, stratification of social structures, degradation, partial exclusion, total exclusion
PL
Podejmując rozważania nad bezpieczeństwem, trzeba na wstępie możliwie dokładnie określić znaczenie tego słowa oraz dokonać jego konkretyzacji. Albowiem słowo „bezpieczeństwo” używane bez określenia jego znaczenia jest tylko pojęciowym tworem, który nie ma desygnatu istniejącego w materialnym świecie. A do konkretyzacji tego słowa konieczne jest wskazanie, kogo lub czego ma ono dotyczyć. Bezpieczeństwo dowolnego obiektu — w szerokim tego słowa znaczeniu, czyli podmiotowym lub przedmiotowym będące przedmiotem badań — wynika z takiego jego aktualnego stanu istniejącego w danym miejscu i czasie, w którym nie dostrzegamy żadnych dla niego zagrożeń. Jest to oczywiście stan idealny, ponieważ nigdy nie możemy być pewni, czy wszystkie zagrożenia spośród istniejących zostały przez nas dostrzeżone oraz czy nie pojawiły się nowe. W artykule tym wskazuję także na to, że możliwości postrzegania zagrożeń są uwarunkowane podmiotowo, przedmiotowo i sytuacyjnie.
EN
Undertaking security considerations, it is necessary — at first — to define the meaning of the word as precisely as possible, and to make it concrete. The term safety when used without any defining of its meaning represents only a conceptual formation, which has no referent existing in the material world. For the substantialisation of this word it is necessary to indicate to whom or to what it is related. The security of any thing — in the broad sense, that is, subjective or objective — results from its present state in a given place and time, in which we do not perceive any threats to it. The above illustrates, of course, an ideal situation, because we can never be sure that all of the potential hazards have been spotted by us and that no new ones have emerged. In the article I also point out that our ability of perceiving threats are conditional by a given subject, object and situation.
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