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Functional MRI – how does it work?

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Adrian Truszkiewicz A., David Aebisher D., Aneta Przypek A., Wiesław Guz W., Dorota Bartusik-Aebisher D.
European Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine
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2017
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issue 2
120–126
EN
Magnetic Nuclear Resonance (MRI) is a non-invasive tissue imaging method. This technique is based on the influence of a strong magnetic field and electromagnetic wave of strictly defined frequency on the nucleus of elements with non-zero spin. The study describes one of the variants of functional MRI, (fMRI), which has become a key technique in brain imaging. This technique has excellent spatial and temporal resolution and involves a changing signal intensity depending on the degree of oxygenation of the blood. Blood oxygenation levels are known to vary in accordance with neural activity and these differences can be used to detect brain activity. This is due to increased demand for energy and oxygen in the area of increased neural activity. The basis of this imaging is the so-called Blood Oxygenation-Level Dependent (BLOD) effect. The aim of this paper is to present the scope of fMRI as a diagnostic method in neurology and in neurosurgery. This paper presents the principles of fMRI, methods of application, research result development, and suggests areas of possible medical applications. The limitations of fMRI as a clinical tool in medical applications will also be addressed. Studies presented in this paper are based on clinical fMRI experience and a literature review.
2
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ASL (Arterial Spin Labeling) – historical and current perfusion MR methods

72%
Wiesław Guz W., Zuzanna Bober Z., Łukasz Ożóg Ł., Adrian Truszkiewicz A., Aneta Przypek A., David Aebisher D., Dorota Bartusik-Aebisher D., Andrzej Urbanik A.
European Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine
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2017
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issue 2
145-150
EN
Despite continuous scientific and technological advances in MR imaging, MR perfusion methods have not yet been widely deployed for routine clinical diagnostics. This is especially true for ASL (arterial spin labelling) methods used to evaluate cerebral perfusion. This method does not require a contrast agent, as new discoveries about gadolinium accumulation in the cerebellum and brain nucleus appear to be a valuable asset and provide the opportunity to be more widely deployed in clinical practice. The aim of this paper is to present the historical determinants of the development of MR perfusion techniques, the disadvantages and advantages and possible clinical applications and prospects of ASL development. Both historical articles published on MR in the 1990s and current research between 2006-2016 have been reviewed. The authors present in the work the MR perfusion method focusing on issues related to arterial spin labeling (ASL). Historically CASL (continuous ASL) and PCSL (pulsed ASL) techniques have been described and the pseudocontinuous ASL (pseudocontinuous ASL) 3D technique presents its technical and methodological considerations, advantages and disadvantages over previous methods. The methods of test protocol optimization and accompanying artifacts, as well as possible clinical applications and development perspectives, have been described.
3
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Clinical application of advanced neuroimaging techniques – Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

72%
Wiesław Guz W., Zuzanna Bober Z., Łukasz Ożóg Ł., Adrian Truszkiewicz A., Aneta Przypek A., David Aebisher D., Dorota Bartusik-Aebisher D., Andrzej Urbanik A.
European Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine
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2017
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issue 2
133-140
EN
Continuous scientific research and the increasing saturation of the medical market in Poland implements the possibilities of using advanced MR techniques including MRS in everyday practice. This method, which has so far been used primarily for research purposes, can bring measurable benefits to patients not only in terms of clarifying diagnosis and narrowing differential diagnosis, but also monitoring the course of various diseases and their treatment. Here we present the basic principles of performing and interpreting spectroscopic spectra and possible clinical applications and development prospects of MRS. The literature reviewed both Polish and foreign articles both historically and in the past 10 years. The paper presents methodological issues related to the proper performance of magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and spectral composition and the role of major metabolites, as well as current clinical applications and directions of MRS development.
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