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1

Niecodzienny zabytek z Polesia Lubelskiego

100%

Libera J.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2006

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vol. LVIII

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issue 58

372-374

EN

The Institute of Archaeology of the Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, obtained an artefact which was accidentally found a few years earlier at the territory of the village of Polubicze Wiejskie I, comm. Wisznice, distr. Biała Podlaska, woj. lubelskie. It is a stone hoe with an elongated (high) trapezoidal outline in plane. It was made from a layered rock of the quartzite sandstone type, with natural front surfaces. It was polished only at the cutting edge and only slightly on the sides. In cross section, the hoe resembles a quadrangle with rounded sides, especially the top side. It has a cutting edge, which in side profile is situated at the extension of one of the surfaces of the front side. Measurements: length – 18.5 cm, width of cutting edge – 7.5 cm, of butt – 4 cm, thickness – 1.8–2 cm, weight – 400 g (Fig. 1). Morphologically similar items are known from the territory of Russia – the area of the Oka and upper Volga basins (the settlements Dubrovichi, Russko-Lugovskaya, the cemetery at Yazykovo I), Belarus – from the middle Berezyna River (Zhukovets), as well as Ukraine – eastern areas of the Black Sea (Kistrik). This points out to an eastern origin of the item under study. In the case of cultural influences from the area of the East-European Lowland, this would be an import (?) from the circle of cultures of the forest zone (sub-Neolithic) reaching the left bank of the middle Bug basin. This phenomenon should be referred to the turn of the 3rd and 2nd millennia BC.

2

Znaleziska gromadne siekier krzemiennych z Lubelszczyzny

100%

Libera J.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2003

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vol. LVI

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issue 56

45-50

EN

The study of “flint deposits” recorded in Poland bases largely on finds of multiple blades and tools fashioned from them, occasionally discovered in company of tools made in the core technique. A much less common category produce deposits formed by axes only. So far, just three such finds have been registered in the Lublin region and defined as “hoards”: a set recovered during regular excavation (Klementowice), and two deposits originating from random finds (Złojec and Kraśniczyn-Wojciechów). In literature of the subject the deposits from Klementowice and Złojec are being identified with the Funnel Beaker Culture, however, the case of the set from Złojec is somewhat doubtful. The “hoard” contained a square axe (Fig. 1), fully corresponding to the stylistic-metric and weight parameters of similar tools known from the so-called Little Poland industry of the Funnel Beaker Culture, as well as a number of much later forms with a thick lenticular cross-section (Fig. 2, 3). The macrolithic character of the latter, 110–120 mm long specimens evidently makes them incompatible with the group of Neolithic axes. In their largest outline the pieces resemble some of the sickle specimens of the Mierzanowice Culture. Such a substantial chronological span of the collection from Złojec strongly suggests the merging of deposits (either by their finders or the person who turned the finds over to archaeologists), ones presumably originating from different locations. In view of these reservations it is safe to assume that only the two lenticular axes originally formed a single deposit. Culture affiliation of the third set, from Kraśniczyn-Wojciechów, is also problematic, as each axe in this assemblage represents a different form (Fig. 4, 5). Nevertheless, as far as the largest fully finished specimen is concerned, it has close analogies mainly with stone tool manufacture of the Mierzanowice Culture, relatively well evidenced both in the region of Kraśniczyn and in its immediate hinterland. Each of the three flint axe deposits in question may of a different character. The set from Klementowice, consisting of a roughout, a considerably worn specimen and an undetermined piece, was discovered at a Funnel Beaker settlement. Consequently it may represent the remains of a cache deposited inside a prehistoric structure, dwelling or workshop, a stock of material accumulated for later use in tool production. The random finds of finished axes (including the roughout) with lenticular cross-section, from Złojec and Kraśniczyn-Wojciechów, lacking culture context, may equally well represent the remains of household caches or the grave furnishings of destroyed, presumably Mierzanowice Culture, burials

3

Nowe znalezisko gromadne krzemiennych narzędzi wiórowych na stanowisku l C w Gródku nad Bugiem

100%

Libera J.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2003

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vol. LVI

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issue 56

37-44

EN

Multiple flint finds, frequently referred to as deposits or hoards, are discovered at different locations and culture context, inside prehistoric settlements as well as in areas lacking traces of human occupation, frequently, on the margin of existing and fossil lakes or streams. During the 2001 rescue excavation of the multicomponent site 1C at Gródek, distr. Hrubieszów, woj. lubelskie, a culture layer (at the depth of about 40 cm) surrounded by debris of daub, produced another multiple find (Table 1). The set included four blade tools – two end-scrapers and two retouched blades, jointly weighing 100 g, made from macrolithic blades struck from single platform subconical cores using the pressure technique (Fig. 1–4). The raw material, Świeciechów flint, and the morpho-metric attributes of the artefacts find a range of analogies among the rich assortment of specimens associated with the Little Poland industry of the Funnel Beaker Culture (B. Balcer 1975). All the finely preserved pieces in the deposit exhibit traces of use-wear, manifested as intensive gloss (sheen) of the many scar faces. Retouch was reapplied to the working edges, but the nature of this treatment is difficult to determine. It may either represent rejuvenation retouch of used up and dulled edges or a substantial reworking of blades or earlier tools of undetermined function, changing diametrically their original (at present hard to determine) morphology. Multiple finds (Fig. 5, table 2) discovered at settlements probably differed in their character. Some probably are the remains of caches – stocks of raw material – this is true both of precores, cores, and blades, and of blade and core tools, frequently heavily worn or substantially damaged. On the other hand, deposits of undamaged tools, frequently with evident traces of utilisation, should be viewed as depots in which tools were stored within dwelling or other structures of the period. The analysed assemblage from Gródek belongs in the latter category, as supported by the debris of pugging lumps co-occurring with the flints, presumably the trace of a decayed construction of a prehistoric structure.

4

Znaleziska grobowe (?) kultury mierzanowickiej na Mazowszu

63%

Libera J., Matraszek B.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2006

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vol. LVIII

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issue 58

374-375

EN

Several years ago, a Volhynian flint axe was found in a sand extraction pit located directly at the so-called Piwonin Lake, some 250 m south of the village of Piwonin, comm. Sobienie-Jeziory, distr. Otwock, woj. mazowieckie. The measurements are: reconstructed length – 142 mm, width of cutting edge – 52 mm, maximal thickness of the body – 17 mm. A flint ‘spearhead’ also comes from the vicinity, that is, from Sobieńki village. It is a projectile point made of Volhynian flint with the following measurements: length – 168 mm, width of the cutting edge – 53 mm, maximal thickness of the body – 15 mm, weight – 112.1 g. The appearance of both artefacts (axe and projectile point) can be viewed as remains of a non-ceramic grave or graves of the Mierzanowice Culture, which should be dated to the early phase of this culture (cf B. Bargieł, J. Libera 2005). Similar projectile point made of Volhynian flint constituted, apart from a nondescript axe and stone battle-axe which were lost, the furniture of the burial from Wola Wodyńska, distr. Siedlce (J. Przyborowski 1882, p. 190–191, fig. p. 190).

5

Niecodzienne znalezisko (grobowe?) z Roztocza Zachodniego

63%

Libera J., Stachyra A.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2022

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vol. LXXIII

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issue 73

235-240

EN

During agricultural works on one of the loess humps of Western Roztocze, in the village of Kondraty, Biłgoraj County, SE Poland (Fig. 1), three objects were found close to each other on the surface: a five-sided axe made of amphibolite, a quadrangular axe made of Volhynian flint and a sea urchin fossil (Fig. 2−4). The discovery of such specific lithic items in one place may indicate that they came from a destroyed prehistoric grave. Both Neolithic and Bronze Age/Early Iron Age communities manufactured stone and flint axes. Stone axes are primarily attributed to the Corded Ware and Lusatian Cultures, and, to a limited extent, to the Mierzanowice Culture and possibly the Trzciniec Culture, while flint axes are also linked to the Funnel Beaker Culture and the Globular Amphora Culture. On the basis of a typological and comparative analysis, bearing in mind the taxonomic units distinguished in the interfluve of the Middle Vistula and Bug Rivers, the closest analogies for both the axe forms are found among grave goods of the Corded Ware Culture. In the classification of P. WŁODARCZAK (2006), the stone axe bears resemblance to type C, and the flint axe finds analogies among some of the specimens of variants A/B/D of type I. Although no co-occurrence of objects comparable to the Kondraty artefacts, as well as the presence of the fossil, is yet to be recorded in a single feature, the analysed material should be dated within the range of phases II−IIIB in the periodization of P. WŁODARCZAK (2006), i.e., around 2700/2650−2300/2250 BCE. The reference point are the radiocarbon dates determined for two graves: for the flint axe – Łapszów, barrow, grave 1: C14 3870 ± 35 BP; for the stone axe – Wola Węgierska 3, barrow 1: C14 3920 ± 80 BP and 3860 ± 70 BP.

PL

Na jednym z garbów lessowych Roztocza Zachodniego w miejscowość Kondraty, gmina Goraj (ryc. 1) w trakcie prac rolnych, w bliskim sąsiedztwie znaleziono na powierzchni trzy przedmioty: topór pięcioboczny z amfibolitu, siekierę czworościenną z krzemienia wołyńskiego i skamielinę jeżowca (ryc. 2-4). Znalezisko w jednym miejscu tak specyficznych wytworów kamiennych może wskazywać na odkrycie zniszczonego grobu pradziejowego. Kamienne topory i krzemienne siekiery wykazywane są w wytwórczości zarówno społeczeństw neolitycznych, jak i epoki brązu/ wczesnej epoki żelaza. W pierwszym przypadku dotyczy to przede wszystkim kultury ceramiki sznurowej i kultury łużyckiej, w stopniu bardzo ograniczonym kultury mierzanowickiej i być może kultury trzcinieckiej, w drugim, również kultury pucharów lejkowatych oraz kultury amfor kulistych. Na podstawie analizy typologiczno-porównawczej, mając na uwadze wyróżnione jednostki taksonomiczne w międzyrzeczu środkowej Wisły i Bugu, zarówno dla formy topora jak i siekiery, najbliższe analogie odnajdujemy wśród inwentarzy grobowych kultury ceramiki sznurowej. W systematyce P. Włodarczaka (2006) dla topora jest to typ C, dla siekiery niektóre okazy zaliczone do typu I odmian A/B/D. I jakkolwiek nie stwierdzono współwystępowania w jednym obiekcie wytworów porównywalnych do znaleziska z Kondrat, podobnie jak obecności skamieliny, to analizowane materiały należy datować w zakresie fazy II-IIIB w podziale periodyzacji P. Włodarczaka (2006), tj. na lata około 2700/2650-2300/2250 BC. Punktem odniesienia są określenia radiowęglowe dwóch grobów: dla siekiery – Łapszów, kurhan, grób 1: C14 3870 ± 35 BP, natomiast dla topora – Wola Węgierska 3, kurhan 1: C14 3920 ± 80 BP oraz 3860 ± 70 BP.

6

Zespoły grobowe z krzemiennymi płoszczami w Małopolsce i na Wołyniu

63%

Bargieł B., Libera J.

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2005

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vol. LVII

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issue 57

3-27

EN

Large bifacially-worked flint points also called projectiles (other names: spearpoints, daggers) constituted a regular element of the tool inventory of the communities inhabiting the territory of the Little Poland and Volhynia, especially in the Early Bronze Age. Despite their considerable number (over 350 items) almost 90% of the collection comprises stray finds that is ones which are deprived of the archaeological context. A third of the remaining group represents artefacts obtained from destroyed and impossible to reconstruct features, which were typically found by accidental discoverers. So far, 39 projectile points are known which were recorded in graves in the Little Poland and Volhynia, of which 13 come from destroyed burials or constitute the so called stray finds obtained from the surface of inhumation cemeteries (Table 1). An analysis of three most important cemeteries (Czerniczyn, site 3, Strzyżów and Torczyn) allows us to conclude that flint projectiles appear in the early phase of the Mierzanowice Culture. They occur in graves which are devoid of ceramics and in which the individuals exhibited various degrees of crouching. The mutual similarity between these points paved the way for distinguishing the points of the Czerniczyn-Torczyn type (Fig. 19) including both the lean and bulky forms with a triangular and leaf-shaped top. They had a short or long tang which could be either weakly or clearly distinguished (Fig. 1–5, 8B.D, 9, 10, 12, 13, 18). In the late phase of the Mierzanowice Culture, asymmetrical points occur which are made of local raw material and constitute transitional forms between the tanged projectile points of the Czerniczyn-Torczyn type and the tangless specimens (Fig. 6, 14). Quite different points are connected with the Strzyżów Culture, which have so far been known only from one cemetery in Raciborowice-Kolonia, site II, grave 23 and 24. They represent the sub-oval and pentagonal type (Fig. 6, 14). The problem of determining the specific usage of this type of bifacial tool by the societies of the Trzciniec and Lusatian Cultures is extremely difficult. Taking into account the knowledge of the bilaterally retouch technique it is impossible to exclude the possibility that the people of these cultures knew and were able to produce flint projectile points. Nonetheless, in the case of the artefacts under discussion, it is highly probable that both cultures adopted the points of the “older cultures”. The problem of the origins of the bifacial points produced in the Volhynian workshops is yet to thoroughly study. The lean and bulky triangular and leaf-shaped tanged projectile points which were produced there, as well as the analogical tools with weakly distinguished tangs called projectiles of the Czerniczyn-Torczyn type, should probably viewed as connected with the people of the so called Gródek-Zdołbica group of the Mierzanowice Culture at the territory of Volhynia. On the other hand, in the Little Poland, their presence should be associated with the phenomenon of ceramic-free crouched burials of this culture, which was established on the basis of uncalibrated radiocarbon dates obtained from the cemetery in Czerniczyn (1770 ± 30 BC and 1740 ± 30 BC) and similar features (devoid of projectile points) discovered in Szpikołosy Kolonia – 1790 ± 70 BC and in Świerszczów Kolonia, site 28 – 1870 ± 40 BC (Fig. 24). Generally, this phenomenon should be connected with the second quarter of the 18th century BC and synchronised with the early phase of the Mierzanowice Culture. Another horizon of the occurrence of projectile points at the territory under discussion can be determined by lean leaf-shaped tangless points having a bottom with a distinguished base. An item of this type comes from a destroyed grave from Beresteczko, and also from the Dniester and Horodenka rivers. The appearance of flint projectile points in the Western Ukraine was most probably due to the Gródek-Zdołbice people who produced them in the workshops situated beyond the upper sections of the Horyn and Styr rivers, from where they spread into the area of Polesie, Little Poland, Mazowsze, Podlasie and the Sieradz Land (Fig. 20–23). In the later period they were supplemented by tools based on local raw materials, that is, the Świeciechów, chocolate, and Jurassic flint (Fig. 25). The flint projectile points should undoubtedly be viewed as multifunctional tools which could be used at work, battle, as well as the attributes of power. At a later stage, probably from the second half of the classic phase of the Mierzanowice Culture, they began to be replaced by other multifunctional bifacial tools such as sickle-shaped knives having a similar function as points (stilettos, knives, daggers, sickles), which were frequently deposited at the cemeteries of this culture at the territory of Sandomierz Upland (Mierzanowice, Wojciechowice, Złota). Initially, both these forms could have co-existed. The reversal of the quantitative proportions took place towards the end of the classic phase of the Mierzanowice Culture. It should be noted that a series of both tools bare similar macro-traces of work in the form of gloss (almost lustrous) with a similar location with respect to their cutting-edges and the top.

7

Flints in glacigenic sediments of the Chełm Hills, Eastern Poland. Prehistory and geology

51%

Libera J., Dobrowolski R., Szeliga M., Wiśniewski T.

Sprawozdania Archeologiczne

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2014

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vol. 66

57-82

EN

Chełm Hills is an area situated on the northern periphery of the Lublin Upland in the eastern part of Poland. It is a mesoregion covering about 722 square kilometres. Monadnocks and hillocks reaching the relative altitudes up to 300 metres above sea level, which are towering above the sandy of peaty plains are characteristic to this area. They are built of Cretaceous formations covered with layers of the Tertiary sandstones of varying thickness. Within them lies the Cretaceous flint raw material, which macroscopically is often similar to siliceous rocks occurring in the neighbouring areas of Volhynia, Volhynian Polesie and Podlasie. Current verification work has revealed mostly Prehistoric sites, documenting settlement from the Middle Palaeolithic to the end of the Bronze Age. Among these, the most numerous group is constituted by Late Palaeolithic and Early Bronze Age materials. The Late Palaeolithic sources were recorded most of all in the form of remnants of workshops documented by the presence of individual pre-cores, more numerous cores and accompanying débitage.

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6 Wiadomości Archeologiczne

1 Sprawozdania Archeologiczne

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1 2014

2 2006

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7 Libera J.

1 Bargieł B.

1 Dobrowolski R.

1 Matraszek B.

1 Stachyra A.

1 Szeliga M.

1 Wiśniewski T.

Niecodzienny zabytek z Polesia Lubelskiego

Znaleziska gromadne siekier krzemiennych z Lubelszczyzny

Nowe znalezisko gromadne krzemiennych narzędzi wiórowych na stanowisku l C w Gródku nad Bugiem

Znaleziska grobowe (?) kultury mierzanowickiej na Mazowszu

Niecodzienne znalezisko (grobowe?) z Roztocza Zachodniego

Zespoły grobowe z krzemiennymi płoszczami w Małopolsce i na Wołyniu

Flints in glacigenic sediments of the Chełm Hills, Eastern Poland. Prehistory and geology