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Polish-Dutch Relations During the Cold War. Seen from The Hague

100%

Zelichowski R.

Studia Polityczne (Political Studies)

2004

issue 15

233-260

The Polish-Dutch relations have been shaped by the course of the international politics in Europe. After a period of rebuilding of the diplomatic structure in The Hague came a period of organization of permanent diplomatic services. The services were aimed not only at relations between the two respective governments but also at the thousands of Poles which lived here before the war or stayed in Holland with the 1st Armored Division of general Stanislaw Maczek when the war was over. The relations between official representatives of People's Republic of Poland and Poles were bad. The Cold War had victims on all fronts. Poles were afraid to return to communist Poland and had to decide to pick the land to begin the new life in. Some of them immigrated to the U.S., some went to Australia, Brazil, France and Germany to work in the coalmines. The official reports from the Polish embassy in The Hague show the feeling of isolation not only from the Polish emigrants but also from the Dutch political elites. The low-key relations, which fluctuated with the political atmosphere in Europe, were eased and normalized in 1971 with the new liberal communist leaders in Poland as a result of the official visit of J.M. Luns, the Dutch minister of International Affairs, to Warsaw. This new era in Polish-Dutch relations has ended in December 1981.

NEUTRAL MORESNET - THE FORGOTTEN OFFSPRING OF THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA

100%

Zelichowski R.

Dzieje Najnowsze

2007

issue 2

3-24

In 1816–1919 neutral Moresnet, a small part of the canton of Aubel from the time of the French Empire (today: in the Belgian commune of Kelmis) and in the past a wedge between the Kingdom of The Netherlands and Prussia, comprised a mini–state which Polish historiography has totally forgotten. For more than a century this territory enjoyed a certain form of independence and possessed numerous attributes of a sovereign state - its own anthem, flag and post stamps. Interest in this region on the part of its eastern neighbours was caused by the presence of zinc ore deposits. In the wake of the victory won by the anti-Napoleonic coalition, the Border Treaty, also known as the Treaty of Aachen, divided the territory in question into three fragments: Prussian Moresnet, Dutch (Belgian) Moresnet, and a small piece of land with the village of Kelmis and a zinc mine, granted neutral status. In the shape of an irregular triangle, this territory was to be jointly ruled by Prussian and Dutch commissioners. After the outbreak of the Belgian revolution (1813) and the proclamation by the southern Netherlands of secession from the Kingdom of The Netherlands, the right to Moresnet was taken over by the Kingdom of Belgium. The most outstanding local figure was the physician Wilhelm Molly, who embarked upon a series of initiatives envisaged as successive steps on the path towards gaining independent political existence. Alongside with an attempt at organising a postal service and the issuing of own stamps, Molly's most prominent undertaking was a transformation of Neutral Moresnet into an Esperanto state known as 'Amikejo'. The outbreak of the first world war liquidated the neutrality of the titular state. The Treaty of Versailles awarded all of its land to the Kingdom of Belgium, which replaced Neutral Moresnet with the commune of Kelmis. At present it has a total of more than 10.000 inhabitants and is the second largest commune in the German–speaking part of Belgium.

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1 Dzieje Najnowsze

1 Studia Polityczne (Political Studies)

2 Zelichowski R.

1 2007

1 2004

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Polish-Dutch Relations During the Cold War. Seen from The Hague

NEUTRAL MORESNET - THE FORGOTTEN OFFSPRING OF THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA