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EN
The main thesis of this article is, that social capital significantly increases the competitiveness and innovation. Bourdieu defined social capital as the sum of the actual and potential resources which are linked to possession of a durable network of relationships, based on mutual dependence and recognition. In my terms, social capital consists of two parts: the same social relations that enable individual access to the resources of the people you are connected, and the quantity and quality of those resources. Individuals and organizations with high social capital gain competitive advantage through rapid fl ow of knowledge. With regard to the public good role of social capital lies primarily in its servitude, lies in the fact that it allows to combine and more efficient use of other types of capital. As a result of social capital can offset the adverse economic events, to help better cope with crises and to compensate for market failure. Social capital not only plays an important role in the economic sphere but also in the social life of ordinary people, enhancing their welfare and prevent loneliness.
EN
In this article, the author would like to refer to the possibility of increasing the level of happiness and reduce suffering through proactive attitude, outlook on life and a system of cognitive constructs that bear out the name of positivity. In the article the author continues to present proposals and clarify the precise definition of the term. The issue of positivity was discussed in the book by Barbara Frederickson “Positivity” and requires further development of theoretical and empirical research. This is not a new subject in psychology, as is in fact the central sphere of research undertaken in the fast-growing direction of positive psychology and therapeutic concepts and practices in the field of cognitive psychotherapy.
EN
The thesis underlying this paper is that the greatest dangers of interpersonal and intergroup conflicts can now arise mainly on the level of cultural conflict. This is facilitated by globalisation, as the resistance of the weaker and conservative cultures – which the author refers to as ‘peripheral’ – is growing in relation to progressive transformations – which the author calls ʽaspirantsʼ that undergo rapid changes. It is argued that it is false and dangerous to oppose Western culture to other cultures (in particular Islam), which is based on stereotypes that arose during the colonial period. This, on the one hand, poses a threat from terrorists and, on the other hand, paves the way for prejudices against the Arab population, especially immigrants, and refugees. One can notice a gradual development of a universal culture which includes primarily civilizational achievements, alongside those technological, medical and legal, and above all those that operate within the entire human community. According to the principle of cultural universalism, all cultures have a common desire to prevent violence and provide the necessary help within their group. However, looking at the history of the human kind, it is possible to discern that the sense of one’s own reference group is increasingly expanded to gradually embrace the entire humanity.
PL
Zasadnicza teza artykułu głosi, że największe niebezpieczeństwa konfliktów międzyludzkich i międzygrupowych mogą obecnie powstawać głównie na płaszczyźnie konfliktu kulturowego. Sprzyja temu proces globalizacji, gdyż narasta opór kultur słabszych i konserwatywnych (zwanych przez autora peryferyjnymi) w stosunku do ulegających błyskawicznym przemianom kultur progresywnych (zwanych przez autor aspirującymi). Autor dowodzi, iż fałszywe, a zarazem bardzo niebezpieczne jest przeciwstawianie kultury Zachodu innym kulturom (w szczególności islamu), bazujące na stereotypach powstałych jeszcze w okresie kolonialnym, co powoduje, z jednej strony, zagrożenie ze strony terrorystów, a z drugiej uprzedzenia do ludności arabskiej, zwłaszcza imigrantów i uchodźców. Powoli i stopniowo kształtuje się wspólna wszystkim kultura ogólnoświatowa, obejmująca przede wszystkim dorobek cywilizacyjny, nie tylko technologiczny i medyczny, ale także prawny, a przede poczucie ludzkiej wspólnoty. Zgodnie z zasadą uniwersalizmu kulturowego wszystkie kultury cechuje wspólne dążenie do zapobiegania przemocy i udzielania niezbędnej pomocy w obrębie swojej grupy. Jednak w trakcie dziejów ludzkości widać, że stopniowo owo poczucie własnej grupy odniesienia jest coraz bardziej rozszerzane, stopniowo obejmując całą ludzkość.
EN
The purpose of this article is to tackle the problem of quality of life in people who have been victims of domestic violence, especially women and children, because the study focus on these groups. Of course, there is also domestic violence against men, which is equally dangerous. In the article domestic violence has been defined from a scientific point of view and discussed both the effects of domestic violence and mental health problems resulting from violence (especially PTSD, anxiety, and depressive disorders). The article discusses the quality of life in people who have suffered domestic violence and how to improve it. Finally, a schedule of corrective – educational program for perpetrators of violence was presented and its assessment and survey on the attitudes of participants finalized the program, the usefulness of acquired knowledge and its impact on behavior. The article shows that appropriate therapeutic intervention, combined with effective social support, as well as directing interventions in relation to people using violence is the chance to help victims of violence by improving their quality of life.
EN
Fundamental to an understanding of the creative economy – what it comprises and how it functions in the economies of both developed and developing countries – are the concepts of “cultural industries” and “creative industries”. This article provides an overview of the development of the concepts of “creativity” throughout this decade leading to what became known as the “creative economy”. The author’s intention is not to reach a final consensus about concepts, but to understand its evolution. It also considers the emergence of the associated concepts of “creative class”, “creative cities”, “creative clusters”, as well as the most recent innovative notions relating to the “experience economy” “creative commons” and “creative ecology”. The major drivers of the growth of the creative economy and its multiple dimensions are examined in the light of recent developments including the world economic crisis. This article also provides evidence on the economic contribution of the creative industries to the economies of various advanced countries.
EN
The article presents the question of possible forms of social exclusion towards people affected Asperger’s and ADHD. These diseases, although share their considerable differences, are alike in that they seriously hinder interpersonal relationships, which can cause a very negative reactions from the environment, even taking the form of a social exclusion. Their common feature is also the fact that these diseases appear in early childhood, and therefore in a particularly vulnerable period of life when needed for proper development are the best contacts with the social environment. Often, the consequences of psychological trauma caused by social rejection may be more severe and prolonged than the disease itself. For example, ADHD often disappears spontaneously in adolescence (most likely due to the maturation of the brain, especially the frontal cortex areas), and the psychological effects of rejection by peers, teachers and even his own family may persist for a long time, assuming eg. the tendency to form depressive episodes. The article presents the most important symptoms of Asperger’s syndrome and ADHD, which to the greatest extent may contribute to social isolation and the most important forms of therapeutic, pedagogical and educational impacts in order to improve the social relations of these children and provide them with the proper functioning of the social environment.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono kwestię możliwych form wykluczenia społecznego wobec osób dotkniętych zespołem Aspergera i ADHD. Choroby te, choć charakteryzują je znaczne różnice, są do siebie podobne, ponieważ obie poważnie utrudniają relacje międzyludzkie, mogące powodować bardzo negatywne reakcje ze strony środowiska, przyjmując formę nawet wykluczenia społecznego. Ich wspólną cechą jest również fakt, że choroby te pojawiają się we wczesnym dzieciństwie, a zatem w szczególnie wrażliwym okresie życia, gdy kontakty ze środowiskiem społecznym są potrzebne do prawidłowego rozwoju i gdy są one najlepsze. Często konsekwencje urazu psychicznego spowodowanego odrzuceniem społecznym mogą być bardziej dotkliwe i przedłużone niż sama choroba. Na przykład ADHD często zanika samoistnie w okresie dojrzewania (najprawdopodobniej z powodu dojrzewania mózgu, zwłaszcza obszarów kory czołowej), a psychologiczne skutki odrzucenia przez rówieśników, nauczycieli, a nawet własną rodzinę mogą utrzymywać się przez długi czas, uruchamiając na przykład tendencje do tworzenia epizodów depresyjnych. W artykule przedstawiono najważniejsze objawy zespołu Aspergera i ADHD, które w największym stopniu mogą przyczynić się do izolacji społecznej, oraz główne formy oddziaływania terapeutycznego, pedagogicznego i edukacyjnego w celu poprawy stosunków społecznych tych dzieci i zapewnienia im prawidłowego funkcjonowania w środowisku społecznym.
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