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On the margins of German Vergangenheitsbewältigung. Germany's Colonial Past Revisited

100%

Bachmann K.

Przegląd Zachodni

2014

issue 1(350)

137-152

The colonial policy of the German Empire, which brought large parts of West, East and South-Western Africa under German rule, remains a puzzle. It was initiated for ideological reasons and supported mostly by the nationalist, expansionist strand of Germany's petite bourgeoisie which used to justify colonial expansion pointing to the alleged necessity to find space for emigrants, production surpluses, scarce commodities and cheap labor for the German industry. None of these objectives were ever achieved and colonialism remained a short-lived and loss-making adventure, which ended during World War I, when the German colonies were mostly taken over by Entente troops. Even as an attempt, to export social tensions by directing the attention of the working class to nationalist, expansionist issues, colonialism proved unsuccessful. Instead, the tensions between social, political and economic constraints in the colonies inclined German troops to commit large scale atrocities in East Africa and German South-West Africa against the Herero, Nama and Maji Maji peoples. In German collective memory, colonialism never played an important role, because it was marginalized by the debates about German guilt for the outbreak of World War I, the Holocaust in World War II and last but not least, because the Third Reich directed expansionism toward Central Eastern Europe and downplayed the colonial adventure of the 19th century in propaganda.

Ekspansja islamu w Ruandzie po 1994 roku w świetle teorii sekularyzacji

63%

Bachmann K., Bieniek K.

Forum Politologiczne

2006

vol. 4 - Islam we współczesnej Afryce

149-166

The article discusses Islam in Rwanda and three secularization theories: Durkheim's religious supply theory; religious demand theory put forward by Finke and Stark; and proposed by Inglehart -security theory. The research the article is based upon was carried out just before 1994 genocide and in 2001. We seek the answer to whether the 1994 genocide brought about any changes in the religious structure in Rwanda and how relevant the above mentioned theories are in explaining the changes. In the first section, the theoretical background is provided; then the history of Rwanda up to 1994 is briefly discussed; the penultimate section focuses on how Islam spread in Rwanda and finally we examine whether the three secularization theories are relevant in explaining the changes in the Rwandan religious structure.

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1 Forum Politologiczne

1 Przegląd Zachodni

1 2014

1 2006

2 Bachmann K.

1 Bieniek K.

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On the margins of German Vergangenheitsbewältigung. Germany's Colonial Past Revisited

Ekspansja islamu w Ruandzie po 1994 roku w świetle teorii sekularyzacji