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The Good Neighbourliness Principle in Relations Between the European Union and its Eastern European Neighbours

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Kalicka-Mikołajczyk A.
Adam Mickiewicz University Law Review
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2019
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vol. 9
EN
The good neighbourliness principle is one of the most important principles in interna-tional law which designates a model of peaceful cooperation and mutual tolerance among neighbouring states. Its violation in the past, however, very often led to military conflicts and many international disputes and may lead to serious disputes among neighbouring states in the future. Thus, the good neighbourliness principle has a clear legal value54. This article analyses the good neighbourliness principle as a key principle that obligates neighbouring states to develop and to maintain peaceful interstate relations. The focus is twofold: firstly, on the scope, content and nature of the good neighbourliness principle in international law and secondly, on the impact of the good neighbourliness princi-ple on the relations between the European Union and its Eastern Neighbours within the framework of the neighbourhood policy and the enlargement policy.
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Plan działania — instrument realizacji Europejskiej Polityki Sąsiedztwa na przykładzie państw Europy Wschodniej

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Kalicka-Mikołajczyk A.
Przegląd Prawa i Administracji
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2013
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vol. 95
25 - 46
EN
The European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) was developed in 2004, with the objective of avoiding the emergence of new dividing lines between the enlarged EU and its neighbours and of strengthening the prosperity, stability and security of all. It is based on the values of democracy, rule of law and respect of human rights. The ENP framework is applied to the 16 of EU’s closest neighbours – Algeria, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Egypt, Georgia, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Moldova, Morocco, Palestine, Syria, Tunisia and Ukraine. Central to the ENP are the bilateral Action Plans between the EU and each ENP partner (12 of them were agreed) and they are one of the key instruments for the implementation of the ENP. They are country-specific, tailor-made political documents which jointly define an agenda of political and economic sectoral reforms with short and medium-term priorities of 3 to 5 years. The ENP Action Plans reflect each partner’s needs and capacities, as well as their and the EU’s interests. Although the content of each individual Action Plan is tailor-made for each partner country, the structure of each is similar. Each Action Plan contains chapters on: political dialogue and reform, economic and social cooperation and development, trade-related issues, market and regulatory reform, cooperation in Justice, Freedom and Security issues, sectoral issues and human dimension. However, ENP Action Plans are political documents, reflecting political agreements between the EU and partner countries on agenda, objectives and priorities for future relations. These relations are based on, and require apre-existing contractual relationship with the EU — aPartnership and Cooperation Agreement. Action Plans are adopted through the Cooperation Council between the EU and the partner countries. There are no legal sanctions for failure to implement commitments contained in these documents, the consequences would rather be political and/or financial.
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European Union–Belarus relations within the framework of the European Neighbourhood Policy and Eastern Partnership

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Kalicka-Mikołajczyk A.
Przegląd Prawa i Administracji
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2015
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vol. 100
409-426
PL
W dniu 12 maja 2004 r. Komisja Europejska przyjęła komunikat zatytułowany Europejska Polityka Sąsiedztwa — dokument strategiczny, na podstawie którego utworzona została nowa zewnętrzna polityka Unii Europejskiej, skierowana do państw sąsiedzkich Europy Wschodniej, Kaukazu Południowego i basenu Morza Śródziemnego. Zgodnie z jego postanowieniami celem Europejskiej Polityki Sąsiedztwa (EPS) jest „dzielenie się korzyściami wynikającymi z rozszerzenia UE w 2004 r. we wzmacnianiu stabilności, bezpieczeństwa i dobrobytu wszystkich zainteresowanych. EPS została pomyślana tak, żeby zapobiegać powstawaniu nowych linii podziału między poszerzoną UE i jej sąsiadami oraz aby zaoferować nowym sąsiadom szansę udziału w różnych działaniach UE, poprzez większą współpracę polityczną, gospodarczą, kulturalną i w dziedzinie bezpieczeństwa”. Z postanowień strategii wynika zatem, że nadrzędnym celem nowej polityki sąsiedzkiej jest zainicjowanie długookresowych i pozytywnych przemian politycznych, gospodarczych i społecznych w krajach partnerskich, opartych na wzajemnym przestrzeganiu wspólnych wartości: demokracji, państwa prawa, przestrzegania praw człowieka, w tym praw mniejszości, wspierania zasad dobrosąsiedzkich, stabilizacji i bezpieczeństwa, zasad gospodarki wolnorynkowej i trwałego wzrostu. Jeśli wziąć pod uwagę ustanowione zasady współpracy z państwami sąsiedzkimi z jednej strony i ustrój polityczny Białorusi z drugiej, nie dziwi fakt, iż państwo to nie w pełni uczestniczy we współpracy z UE w ramach EPS. Dopiero po przeprowadzeniu podstawowych reform politycznych i gospodarczych Białoruś będzie miała możliwość pełnego w niej uczestnictwa. Niemniej jednak, za pośrednictwem EPS, UE wspiera na Białorusi społeczeństwo obywatelskie, proces demokratyzacji, niezależne media, udziela pomocy humanitarnej oraz realizuje programy współpracy regionalnej. Obecnie Białoruś uczestniczy w trzech takich programach: Programie Morza Bałtyckiego, oraz dwóch programach realizowanych na granicach lądowych.
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Europejska Polityka Sąsiedztwa i jej znaczenie dla państw Europy Wschodniej

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Kalicka-Mikołajczyk A.
Wrocławsko-Lwowskie Zeszyty Prawnicze
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2010
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vol. 1
73-100
EN
The European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) was developed in 2004, with the objective of avoiding the emergence of new dividing lines between the enlarged EU and its neighbours and instead strengthening the prosperity, stability and security of all concerned. In this way, it also addresses the strategic objectives set out in the December 2003 European Security Strategy. The ENP was first outlined in a Commission Communication on Wider Europe in March 2003, followed by a more developed Strategy Paper on the European Neighbourhood Policy, published in May 2004. The EU off ers its neighbours a privileged relationship, building upon a mutual commitment to common values. The level of ambition of the relationship will depend on the extent to which these values are shared. The central element of the European Neighbourhood Policy are the bilateral ENP Action Plans agreed between the EU and each partner. These set out an agenda of political and economic reforms with short and medium-term priorities. At the outset of the process, the Commission prepared Country Reports assessing the political and economic situation as well as institutional and sectoral aspects, to assess when and how it is possible to deepen relations with each country. Country Reports are submitted to the Council which decides whether to proceed to the next stage of relations. That next stage is the development of ENP Action Plans with each country. The incentives on offer, in return for progress on relevant reforms, are greater integration into European programmes and networks, increased assistance and enhanced market access. From 1 January 2007 onwards, as part of the reform of EC assistance instruments, the MEDA and TACIS and various other programmes have been replaced by a single instrument — the European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument (ENPI). It is designed to target sustainable development and approximation to EU policies and standards — supporting the agreed priorities in the ENP Action Plans (as well as the Strategic Partnership with Russia, which was previously also covered by the TACIS programme). For the next budgetary period (2007–2013), approximately €12 billion in EC funding are available to support these partners’ reforms, an increase of 32% in real terms. Funds allocated to individual country programmes depend on their needs and absorption capacity as well as their implementation of agreed reforms. An important aspect of the ENP, and the strategic partnership with Russia, is to markedly improve cross-border cooperation with countries along the EU’s external land and maritime borders, thus giving substance to our aim of avoiding new dividing lines. The ENPI therefore supports cross-border contacts and co-operation between local and regional actors and civil society.
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Odpowiedzialność Unii Europejskiej za naruszenie postanowień umowy stowarzyszeniowej — uwagi w świetle orzecznictwa Trybunału Sprawiedliwości

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Kalicka-Mikołajczyk A.
Wrocławsko-Lwowskie Zeszyty Prawnicze
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2018
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vol. 9
59-70
EN
The European Union (EU) is responsible for consequences of its international actions. However, the material scope of the EU international responsibility depends on the division of competences between the EU and its member states. Each could be held responsible only within the scope of its competences. In cases where the division of powers was not clarified at the time of the negotiation and conclusion of such an agreement, there is joint responsibility, which means that the EU and its member states are jointly liable for fulfilling the obligations owed to a third state under a bilateral association agreement. Since association agreements concluded by the EU are binding on its institutions and on the member states, it is incumbent on both the institutions and the member states to ensure that the obligations arising under such agreements are complied with. In doing so, member states fulfil, “an obligation not only in relation to the third country concerned but also and above all in relation to the Union which has assumed responsibility for due performance of the agreement” (C-13/00, Commission of the European Communities v. Ireland, EU:C:2002:184).
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The European Union’s instruments on fighting illegal logging – selected legal issues

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Kalicka-Mikołajczyk A.
Opolskie Studia Administracyjno-Prawne
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2019
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vol. 17
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issue 4
53-68
PL
Nielegalne pozyskiwanie drewna oznacza, iż jego pozyskanie nastąpiło z naruszeniem przepisów kraju pozyskania. Jest to problem o charakterze globalnym, wywołujący poważne i negatywne skutki nie tylko o charakterze środowiskowym, ale również gospodarczym i społecznym. Niniejszy artykuł prezentuje instrumenty Unii Europejskiej mające na celu przeciwdziałanie handlowi nielegalnie pozyskanym drewnem na rynku Unii Europejskiej. Instrumenty te podzielone zostały na dwie grupy: wewnętrze i międzynarodowe. Następnie została dokonana analiza ich zakresu materialnego, ale również podjęto próbę odpowiedzi na pytanie, jaki jest ich charakter prawny, zarówno w prawie Unii Europejskiej, jak i w systemach krajowych państw członkowskich. Innymi słowy, czy mogą one efektywnie przyczynić się do przeciwdziałania handlowi nielegalnie pozyskanym drewnem na unijnym rynku wewnętrznym.
EN
Illegal logging is a significant problem of major international community concern because it has a devastating impact on some of the world’s most valuable remaining forests and contributes to tropical deforestation and forest degradation. Furthermore, it threatens biodiversity and undermines sustainable forest management, having a negative impact on poverty reduction, sustainable and inclusive economic growth and development. The article presents instruments adopted by the EU in order to combat illegal timber logging. The author describes their material scope and legal character, dividing them into two groups: internal and international legally binding instruments and soft law instruments, in order to answer the question about their legal character and position in the EU legal order and in national orders of the Member States.
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Aspekty ekonomiczne współpracy Unii Europejskiej i Polski z Ukrainą

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Kalicka-Mikołajczyk A.
Wrocławsko-Lwowskie Zeszyty Prawnicze
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2012
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vol. 3
81-122
EN
Relations between the EU and Ukraine are based on the Partnership and Co-operation Agreement (PCA), which entered into force in 1998 and will renew automatically until the entry into force of a new contractual arrangement. Negotiations on a comprehensive, am­bitious and innovative agreement between the EU and Ukraine were launched in March 2007. At the Paris Summit (2008), theleaders of the EU and Ukraine agreed that the new enhanced agreement should be given the title of Association Agreement (AA), and that it should renew the EU Ukraine common institutional framework, facilitating the deepening of relations in all areas, as well as the strengthening of political association and economic integration involving reciprocal rights and obligations. The Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area (DCFTA) will be embedded in the new Association Agreement as an integral element alongside others, such as political, social, and sectoral co-operation. It will be the first of a new generation of deep and comprehensive FTA, covering all trade-related areas (including services, intellectual property rights, customs, public procurement, energy-related issues, competition, et cetera) and also tackling the so-called ”beyond the border” obstacles through deep regulatory approximation with the trade-related EU acquis. The most recent round of DCFTA negotiations was held in Kyiv on 4–8 October 2010 and both sides showed clear willingness to engage constructively in most chapters. Negotiations took place on a large range of issues (tariffs, services, customs and trade fa­cilitation, intellectual property rights, sanitary and phytosanitary standards, public procure­ment, geographical indications, trade defence instruments, and technical barriers to trade). Some chapters, such as customs and trade facilitation, public procurement and intellectual property rights, are close to provisional completion. So far, four chapters are considered as provisionally closed: Trade dispute settlement, Rules of Origin, Transparency, Customs and Trade facilitation. Detailed discussions on regulatory approximation, for instance concerning sanitary and phytosanitary standards, or technical barriers to trade, will be covered inten­sively over the next few months. The EU is Ukraine’s foremost commercial partner and accounts for about one third of its external trade. The EU believes that closer economic integration (in the overall context of a political association) can be a key factor in economic growth for Ukraine. The EU ex­ports to Ukraine in 2009 have reached a total amount of €13.9 billion. The EU imports from Ukraine in 2009 have reached a total amount of €7.9 billion. Ukraine᾿s primary exports to the EU are agricultural products, energy, chemicals, iron, and steel. The EU exports to Ukraine are dominated by machinery, transport equipment, chemicals, textile and clothing, and ag­ricultural products. EU investment stocks in Ukraine as of 2008 have reached a total amount of €19.8 billion. From 2007 to 2008, FDI outward stocks from EU 27 countries grew by more than 10% in Ukraine. In 2009 EU investments into Ukraine amounted to €3.4 billion.
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Towards a New Comprehensive Partnership - Economic and Trade Relations between the Gulf Cooperation Council and the European Union

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Kalicka-Mikołajczyk A.
Wroclaw Review of Law, Administration & Economics
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2015
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vol. 5
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issue 2
18-39
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Instrumenty wsparcia finansowego krajów partnerskich w ramach Europejskiej Polityki Sąsiedztwa

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Kalicka-Mikołajczyk A.
Wrocławsko-Lwowskie Zeszyty Prawnicze
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2014
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vol. 5
201 - 224
EN
The European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument (ENPI) is the financial instrument for the European Neighbourhood Policy. It aims at supporting the achievement of the objectives of the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) with a view to establishing an area of prosperity and good neighbourhood relations between and with ENP partner countries and Russia. It is addressed to ENP partner countries including Russia and offers co-funding for promoting good governance and equitable social and economic development process. The budget for the ENPI amounts to 11,181 million euro for the period 2007–2013, 95% of which is for national and multi-country programmes and 5% for cross-border cooperation programmes. For the period 2014–2020, the ENPI will be succeeded by a New European Neighbourhood Instrument (ENI). This new financial instrument will have a budget of around € 15.4 billion. The ENI will build on and strengthen some of the key features of the ENPI, notably greater differentiation between countries based on progress with reforms and two new mechanisms to support an incentive-based approach often referred to as “more for more.” Under the ENI, four types of programme are supported: bilateral programmes for the neighbourhood countries; regional programmes for the East and the South; an ENP-wide programme mainly funding Erasmus for All and the Neighbourhood Investment Facility and finaly cross-border co-operation programmes between Member States and neighbourhood countries.
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Pogłębiona i kompleksowa strefa wolnego handlu — nowa forma współpracy gospodarczej Unii Europejskiej z krajami partnerskimi Europy Wschodniej i Kaukazu Południowego w ramach Europejskiej Polityki Sąsiedztwa

100%
Kalicka-Mikołajczyk A.
Ekonomia. Wrocław Economic Review
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2016
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vol. 22
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issue 2
27-42
EN
The European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) was developed in 2004, with the objective of avoiding of new dividing lines between the enlarged EU and its neighbours and strengthening the prosperity, stability and security of all participants. Within the ENP the European Union offers its neighbours a privileged relationship building upon a mutual commitment to common values, political association and deeper economic integration. The ENP links partner countries with the EU’s internal market and its social and economic model. For partners, this means adopting basic rules on equal opportunities, economic participation and fair competition. The ENP builds upon the legal agreements in place between the EU and the partner countries: Partnership and Cooperation Agreements or Association Agreements. Ukraine, Georgia and Moldova signed Association Agreements with the EU on 27 June 2014. The deep and comprehensive free trade agreement is part of a new generation of Association Agreements with eastern partner countries which provides a long-term foundation for future economic relations with the European Union. It was agreed that Association Agreement should take an ambitious and innovative approach, include a deep and comprehensive free trade area and go qualitatively beyond the current Partnership and Cooperation Agreement wherever possible. It contains binding, rule-based provisions and cooperation developed further than in traditional agreements and it is wide-ranging, covering all areas of interest. The deep and comprehensive free trade area is part of the Association Agreement which offer a new framework for modernising partner countries trade relations and for economic development by the opening of markets via the progressive removal of customs tariffs and quotas, and by an extensive harmonisation of laws, norms and regulations in various trade-related sectors, creating the conditions for aligning key sectors of the eastern partners economy to European Union standards. The deep and comprehensive free trade areas are expected to bring many economic benefits for Moldova, Georgia and Ukraine by offering businesses access to the EU’s single market — the largest in the world.
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