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Śmierć na ulicach Krakowa w latach 1945–1947 w materiale archiwalnym krakowskiego Zakładu Medycyny Sądowej

100%
Konopka T.
Pamięć i Sprawiedliwość
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2005
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issue 2(8)
143-157
EN
The article presents the results of a research on reports of autopsy carried out in the Cracov’s Institute of Forensic Medicine at the turbulent postwar time. An occasion to publish this material is the 200th anniversary of foundation of the Cracov Department of Forensic Medicine. The collection of autopsy reports contains more or less detailed descriptions of the cause of death of at least 72 people killed by UB and Militia functionaries in fight, during a police chase or by “accident”. Some of the victims were known for writing about non-communist resistance units. There are some precise descriptions of injuries, which had been received by people who were killed or who committed suicide in prison, indicating brutal beating and tortures to death. During the first year after the liberation of Cracov the Institute performed an autopsy on 25 bodies of people killed for unknown reasons or brutally murdered in assaults by Soviet soldiers who were stationed in the town. The Cracov prisons sent in cadavers of those whose health was ruined by hard prison conditions. In March 1945 groups of approximately 8 corpses were found on fields around Cracov, no traumatic cause of death was noted. Its is probable that those bodies had been left behind by transports taking the prisoners away during a mass NKVD’s action. The Institute examined also 36 corpses of functionaries who died fighting or were assassinated and corpses of random victims of gunfights. Amongst three hundred more or less anonymous people who died in the streets of Cracov during those years, there were wildly known cases, like the assassination of Narcyz Wiatr “Zawojna” shot in the Planty by the UB, Ró˝a Berger killed during anti-Semitic riots, and the case of a brutally murdered prosecuting attorney Roman Martini who had been carrying out a secret inquiry into Katyn.
2
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Homicide with a single stab wound

63%
Stojer-Polańska J., Konopka T.
Security Dimensions: International & National Studies
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2013
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vol. 10(10)
136-145
EN
Taking life due to dealing single stab wound is very characteristic kind of crime. In most cases the stabbing takes place during an argument, both victim and the killer are drunk, and the thing happens at home of either of them. The purpose of this article was to examine if the classification of a criminal act, which was initially classified as a “murder”, would maintain as such act within the court decision. In most cases of such type, the killer is accused of homicide, however in half of them, it gets changed to dealing damage or hitting with a deadly result later.
3
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Samodziałowa broń palna w materiale Laboratorium Kryminalistycznego KWP w Krakowie i Zakładu Medycyny Sądowej UJ CM w Krakowie – próba systematyki

63%
Kudełka S., Konopka T.
Problemy Kryminalistyki
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2017
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issue 297
21-27
EN
Despite a very large variety of improvised firearms, repeatability of certain actions of the manufacturers can be observed, reflecting the purpose to which such weapons are produced (e.g. poaching), and the availability of appropriate technologies. The aim of this article is to make an attempt to systematize improvised firearms on the basis of the expert opinions elaborated at the Weapon Research and Ballistics Department of the Voivodeship Police Headquarters in Kraków (LK KWP) as well as studies carried out on weapons belonging to the collection of the Department of Forensic Medicine (ZMS) in Kraków. Research material included both primitive devices made by using simple methods and without concern for accuracy or aesthetics, as well as fine-tuned pieces with individual design solutions or copies of factory-made weapons. Improvised firearms can generally be divided into conversions and own designs. The conversion most frequently applies to alarm, gas or pneumatic weapons. It consists in removing factory safety mechanisms or, in the case of pneumatic weapons, in introducing technical modifications, which enable to blast off the cartridge and discharge the projectile by means of gas pressure arising during combustion of the propellant. Own designs may contain certain factory elements, most frequently the barrel, however, in most cases, they are manufactured from scratch. Improvised firearms, even those without the original elements, typically use ammunition with projectiles or, in some cases, the so called blank ammunition converted into live ammunition by adding projectiles.
PL
Pomimo bardzo dużej różnorodności samodziałowej broni palnej można dostrzec powtarzalność działań jej wytwórców – uwarunkowaną celem, w jakim ją wytwarzają (np. kłusownictwo), i dostępnością do odpowiednich technologii. Celem pracy jest próba usystematyzowania rodzajów broni palnej wyrabianej samodziałowo – na podstawie opinii opracowanych w Pracowni Badań Broni i Balistyki Laboratorium Kryminalistycznego Komendy Wojewódzkiej Policji w Krakowie (LK KWP) oraz w oparciu o przeprowadzone badania egzemplarzy broni znajdujących się w zbiorach krakowskiego Zakładu Medycyny Sądowej (ZMS). W analizowanym materiale znalazły się zarówno prymitywne urządzenia wykonane prostymi metodami, bez dbałości o precyzję czy estetykę wykończenia, jak i egzemplarze starannie dopracowane, w których wykorzystano indywidualne rozwiązania konstrukcyjne, lub kopiujące fabryczną broń. Broń wytwarzaną samodziałowo najogólniej można podzielić na przeróbki i konstrukcje samodzielne. Przerabianie dotyczy najczęściej broni alarmowej, gazowej oraz pneumatycznej. Polega ono na usunięciu fabrycznych zabezpieczeń, a w przypadku urządzeń pneumatycznych – na modyfikacjach technicznych, mających umożliwić odstrzelenie naboju i miotanie pocisków przy wykorzystaniu ciśnienia gazów powstających w trakcie spalania się materiału miotającego. W samodzielnych konstrukcjach w części egzemplarzy zastosowano elementy broni fabrycznej, najczęściej lufy; jednak w większości przypadków wytwarzane są one od podstaw. Broń samodziałowa, nawet ta bez oryginalnych części, wykorzystuje zazwyczaj amunicję do broni palnej posiadającej w swojej konstrukcji pociski lub w niektórych przypadkach amunicję tzw. ślepą, tj. nieposiadającą pocisków w swojej konstrukcji, przerobioną na amunicję tzw. ostrą, tj. z dołączonymi pociskami.
4
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Okupacja Krakowa 1939–1945 w protokołach sekcyjnych Zakładu Medycyny Sądowej

51%
Konopka T., Kwasek P., Bochenek M.
Pamięć i Sprawiedliwość
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2008
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issue 2(13)
83-103
EN
During the Nazi occupation, the Office of Forensic Medicine in Kraków performed approximately 4,000 autopsies. In this period, the offi ce was run by a German, Dr. Werner Beck, while the pre-war manager, Prof. Jan Olbrycht, spent the better part of the occupation in the Oświęcim (Auschwitz) concentration camp. The office performed autopsies of the remains of persons who died of unknown causes, suicide victims, accidents and murders. Approximately 3,700 protocols of autopsies performed them have been preserved. The protocols, despite the German administration, were surprisingly candid, documenting not only the autopsy results but also the circumstances surrounding the death. Bodies of persons shot in the city streets – during round-ups, resettlement, Jews attempting to escape concentration camps or random passers-by – were sent to the office. Prisons sent the bodies of the executed, on which doctors noted signs of torture – beaten with sticks, hanging by the hands until these broke, strangulation, trampling the body to death. Twice the bodies of victims of public execution landed in the office. The bodies of those killed by order of the Underground State – German bureaucrats, policemen and Gestapo informers – were also examined. In the collection of protocols at least 46 executions ordered by various independence organizations, described in writing elsewhere, were found, but an analysis of the protocols suggests there may have been several times more. The autopsy protocols refl ect the entire history of the occupation, beginning from victims of aerial bombardment in the fi rst days of September 1939, persons deported for work, the tragedy of the Jewish population, victims of street roundups as well as deportees from Warsaw dying in transports, and fi nally preparations for the coming of the front in 1945. The protocols also document the prose of life and death during the occupation – victims of the Typhus epidemic, the struggle for food, or transport accidents. One interesting fi le was found concerning the body of someone who died in a quarry accident, witnessed by Karol Wojtyła. Historians wanted to work on this collection of protocols for many years; however the specificity of this source requires medical knowledge as well as familiarity with forensic medicine to analyze it.
5

Evidence of interpersonal violence or a special funeral rite in the Neolithic multiple burial from Koszyce in southern Poland – a forensic analysis

51%
Konopka T., Szczepanek A., Przybyła M. M., Włodarczak P.
Anthropological Review
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2016
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vol. 79
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issue 1
69-85
EN
This study uses anthropological and forensic medical analyses to determine the cause of fractures found in the remains of 15 individuals buried at a site associated with the Globular Amphora Culture (2875-2670 BC). The intent was to determine the mechanism underlying the injuries and to indicate the types of tools that might have inflicted the blows. The fractures were diversified in their forms, but the majority of the injuries appear to have been inflicted by a flint axe, which is frequently found in graves of the Globular Amphora Culture. Apart from the forearm being severed in one of the victims, all the remaining skeletons showed from 1 to 4 injuries involving solely the skulls. The grave might contain victims attacked by invaders who executed the captives, or else the feature is ritual in character and it reflects the beliefs of the Neolithic community.
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