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Etnogeneza Słowian w świetle nowszych badań antropologicznych

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Piontek J.
Slavia Antiqua: rocznik poświęcony starożytnościom słowiańskim
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2006
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vol. 47
161-189
EN
Two viewpoints on the ethnogenesis of the Slavs clash in modern archaeology: one assumes that in the ancient times the Slavs occupied the territories in the northeastern part of Central Europe, especially in the basins of the Oder and Vistula rivers, the other - assumes the existence of Slavic territories only in the areas located further east. The author contends that the visions of the process of ethnogenesis of the Slavs created by archaeologists must be confronted with and must not be inconsistent with the findings of other disciplines of general anthropology. In particular, the studies of differentiation of the biological features of primaeval populations cannot be neglected. Recently, R. Dabrowski presented the results of studies into the anthropological differentiation of human populations from the river basin of the Oder and the Vistula in the time of Roman influences and in the early Middle Ages, using for the analysis newly acquired skeletal material and by applying - in the studies into morphological differentiation - very sensitive methods of the analysis of biological distance between populations as well as up-to-date methods of multi-featured analysis. The research demonstrated very close similarities of the people of the Przeworsk and Wielbar culture in the Roman period to the Western Slavs, and the people of the Czerniachow culture to the Eastern Slavs. Additionally, the article shows the results of studies of the condition and biological dynamics of the human populations inhabiting the basins of the Oder and the Vistula rivers in the times of Roman influences and the Slavic population in the early Middle Ages as well as morphological differentiation of those populations, also with regard to the Scandinavian populations. From the comparative data presented, it stems that the condition and biological dynamics of the human populations in the basin of the Oder and Vistula rivers in Roman times were not markedly different from the condition and biological dynamics of the early mediaeval populations of the Slavs on these territories. What is more, it has been concluded that early mediaeval populations characterized by low population dynamics inhabited the river basins of Pripet, Dnieper and Prut and consequently, their population expansion was presumably restricted, whereas the abilities of a numerical increase of groups not very great, which is in contrast with the studies indicating these areas as the original territories of the Slavic populations. The territories indicated as inhabited by the people with high population dynamics, actually covered the areas occupied by the Slavs during their expansion. Additionally, the analysis demonstrated that the populations from the Roman period and the populations of the Western Slavs are poorly differentiated and constitute one collection. The populations from Scandinavia, in turn, are clearly distinguished from other populations, and a close similarity to this group is manifested only by the skeletal population of mediaeval Kolobrzeg. In sum, it must be said that, until now, there have been no anthropological studies that would confirm the thesis about the discontinuation of settlement in the areas in the river basins of the Oder and the Vistula, but, on the contrary, the studies show close biological similarity between the people of the Roman times and the early Middle Ages who inhabited these lands. The original paper published with the German summary.
2
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Ethnogenesis of Slavs as a research problem in physical anthropology

100%
Piontek J.
Nauka
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2020
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issue 1
EN
The main contradictions, between hypotheses posed by physical anthropologists or geneticists, and the hypotheses put forward by archaeologists or historians, regarding the origin and spread of the Slavs, concerned and still concern the following: (a) the state and biological dynamics of Slavic populations (the capacity for population expansion) , (b) diversity and biological similarity of various groups living in Central Europe at the end of antiquity and in the early Middle Ages, (c) migration movements and their intensity, (d) directions of migration and their importance in the formation of Slavic “ethnos”. On the basis of the results of anthropological research, it can be concluded that: (a) both in the late antiquity period and in the early Middle Ages, the regional diversity of the populations inhabiting the Odra and Vistula basins was maintained, (b) there was a geographical gradient in the variability of morphological features of the skull from west to east of Europe, (c) populations belonging to the Germanic population and populations living in Scandinavia in the Middle Ages clearly differed in terms of morphological features of the skeleton from the population of Western Slavs inhabiting the Odra and Vistula basin. On the other hand, the emergence of a clear geographical gradient in the variability of morphological features of the skeleton, in late antiquity and in the Middle Ages, in Central Europe, allows to conclude that there were no intense migratory movements and the population exchange between late antiquity and the early Middle (d) results of the skeletal morphological features and state and biological dynamics of the population from the Roman period and the Middle Ages indicate a similar level of adaptation of these groups of people to living conditions. This result does not confirm the thesis put forward by some archaeologists and historians that the cultural system of the Slavs was characterized by poverty and a low level of material culture.
3
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W poszukiwaniu Piastów

23%
Handschuh L., Stolarek I., Juras A., Zeńczak M., Marcinkowska-Swojak M., Myszka A., Trzciński D., Losik-Sidorska A., Wojtczak J., Philips A., Różański A., Dębski A., Kozłowski P., Matla M., Dobosz J., Jasiński T., Piontek J., Kóčka-Krenz H., Figlerowicz M.
Opolskie Studia Administracyjno-Prawne
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2016
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vol. 14
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issue 4 (2)
63-77
EN
The origin of the Piast dynasty is a matter of lively discussions and disputes. At least a few controversial hypotheses exist, but their credibility is difficult to assess due to the scarcity of written as well as material sources, especially from the time of Polish state formation. Life sciences, however, can support history and archeology. Application of genetic tests, used earlier mainly in forensic laboratories, enabled identification of the remains of King Richard III, the Romanov dynasty members and Nicolaus Copernicus. Contemporary DNA studies, based on next generation DNA sequencing, outreach the narrow area of known markers such as mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and selected regions of Y chromosome. Although ancient DNA (aDNA), extracted from remains, is usually highly degraded and contaminated with genetic material of microorganisms, there are methods which allow for the analysis of such material and retrieval of information about origin, kinship and some phenotypic features of an individual. Genetic studies of the Piast dynasty, a subject of our research project, have to deal with numerous difficulties. In or der to gain access to bone samples, we need to meet a number of formal requirements. Moreover, despite the existence of available abundant documentation on the Piast burials, the actual situation is not always consistent with the written sources. Our first experiences show how difficult it is to localize the remains, identify them and extract DNA of sufficient quality.
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