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Eksport towarów i inwestycje polskich przedsiębiorstw w Rosji i na Ukrainie przed i po kryzysie finansowym z 1998 r.

100%
Grala D.
Sensus Historiae. Studia interdyscyplinarne
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2011
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issue 3(4)
139-152
EN
The main objective of his paper is foreign trade and foreign direct investment between Poland and Russia and Ukraine in period 1992–2006. Before Russian crisis in 1998 the position of polish firms on Russian market be established, particularly in sale some of consumer products (low processed commodities). Polish trade partners and Polish goods had in Russia a good reputation. Similar process took place in economic relations with Ukraine which with big problem to extricates from transformation recession. The market position of Polish firms was unstable of its competitors, because eastern markets characterized with high uncertainty and high risk for business. Unfortunately polish capitals (FDI) in Russia were very small. Despite recession, Ukrainian market for polish enterprises was more attractive for long term investment. During crisis in 1998 polish private firms lost Russian market. In the first 5 years after Russian crisis, when it was attained to stable economic growth in Russia, federal government applied neo-mercantilism policy. The polish firms arrived sales level before financial crisis when was enlarged European Union in 2004.
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Problem odtwarzania sektora prywatnego w koncepcjach reform gospodarczych w Polsce w 1989 r.

100%
Grala D.
Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych
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2009
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vol. 69
147-167
EN
The purpose of this article is to demonstrate the way in which the authors of market reform projects intended to resolve the problem of the creation of the private sector, privately owned enterprises in an economy that was to be based on market relations. The object of the research is the reform proposal associated with ownership transformations. A number of projects of economic reforms that took into account to a larger or lesser degree ownership transformations, were put forward in 1989, a year of crucial political and economic transformations in Poland. The range and extent of the changes proposed in the projects stemmed from a certain awareness and possibilities of conducting privatisation in Polish conditions and a perception of the private sector (its role) in the economic system. The analysis of these projects leads to the discovery of a certain dependence: slight ownership transformations and the supplementing role of the private sector in a multi-sector economy had been proposed in projects dating back to the first half of 1989, i.e. at the time of the Round Table negotiations, when the state was still controlled by the communist party and the production growth in the state sector was still maintained despite the occurrence of wage tension. The essential role for the private sector and a large range of ownership changes was proposed in programmes from the second half of 1989, after the Polish United Workers’ Party lost the contract election to the Sejm and a large coalition was formed around the Civic Parliamentary Club. The most far-reaching ownership transformations connected with the establishment of a private sector dominating in the economy were sugested in a project prepared by the J. Beksiak group.
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