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EN
The article provides a study of the most important literature on the rural development in Asian developing countries in terms of arrangements between a farmer and a company. The review of the theoretical aspects of outgrower schemes is the background to comparative analysis of smallholders’ contract in Eastern and Southern Asian developing countries. The paper discusses the potential results of these schemes, especially in relation to the economic development. The article addresses the significance of outgrower schemes in the light of increasing welfare of participants as well as potential disadvantages and barriers.
EN
The aim of the article is to present the different stages of China’s development before the real socialism period, with the special emphasis on international economic relations. The paper describes the most important stages of development of international trade and capital flows. The research question of the article is the statement that increasing the openness of the Chinese economy in 1850-1930 translated into GDP growth in the Middle Kingdom in pre-communist period.
EN
The paper evaluates Central and Eastern European countries’ (CEEs) location in global vertical specialization (global value chains, GVCs). To locate each country in global value chains (upstream or downstream segment/market) and to compare them with the selected countries, a very selective methodology was adopted. We concluded that (a) CEE countries differ in the levels of their participation in production linkages. Countries that have stronger links with Western European countries, especially with Germany, are more integrated; (b) a large share of the CEE countries’ gross exports passes through Western European GVCs; (c) most exporters in Central and Eastern Europe are positioned in the downstream segments of production rather than in the upstream markets. JEL classification: F14, F15.
PL
Artykuł koncentruje się na wskazaniu miejsca krajów Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej w globalnych łańcuchach wartości (GVCs). Chcąc zlokalizować pozycję każdego kraju w GVCs (segment upstream lub downstream), zastosowano specjalną metodykę roli kraju w powiązaniach produkcyjnych. Z badania można wywnioskować, że (a) kraje EŚW różnią się poziomem uczestnictwa w powiązaniach produkcyjnych. Państwa, które mają silniejsze więzi z Europą Zachodnią, zwłaszcza z Niemcami są bardziej zintegrowane z GVCs; (b) duży udział eksportu brutto krajów EŚW przechodzi przez łańcuchy dostaw krajów Europy Zachodniej; (c) większość eksporterów z EŚW plasują się w dalszych segmentach produkcji, a nie na rynkach upstream.
EN
The article analyzes the level of China's development in the context of its impact on the world order. For this purpose the article presents a review of literature on the concepts a nd factors of the power of the state, shows the most important macroeconomic indicators describing the level of development in China, presents the Middle Kingdom’s participation in global trade and capital and the level of competitiveness of China’s economy. This analysis allows the identification of the impact of China on global economy.
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