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1

FORMULA 'IN COMISSO' IN THE FOURTEENTH-CENTURY CHANCERY OD THE DUKES OF SWIDNICA

100%
Jurek T.
Studia Źródłoznawcze. Commentationes
|
2005
|
vol. 43
1-18
EN
A presentation of one of the end formulas in documents mentioning a member of the chancery staff who participated in the preparation of a document. As a rule, this formula was composed of: 'qui praesentia habuit in commisso' (or: 'cui praesentia in commisso dedimus') and in German: 'der diesen brief gehabt hat in befehlunge' (or: 'dem dieser brief befohlen wart'). It has been impossible to find the formula's original version outside Silesia, and it was probably devised by Gunter von Biberstein, a scribe in the chancery of the dukes of Wroclaw, who used it for the first time in 1311. Subsequently, it became rapidly disseminated among the ducal chanceries and those of many other signers, both in Silesia and in Poland. Up to now, the significance of this particular formula has been the topic of contradictory views. The author verified it upon the basis of diverse material from the chancery of the rulers of Swidnica: Duke Bolko II (1326-1368) and Duchess Agnieszka (1368-1392), as well as Bohemian royal starostas (since 1392). The formula indicated the person who at the time of the legal action was entrusted with editing a suitable document; consequently, he took upon himself responsibility for the formal correctness of the document and its concurrence with the actual state of things. The 'commisso' formula thus replaced the earlier 'datum per manus' formula, applied with a similar meaning. From the end of the fourteenth century, the 'in commisso' formula mentioned only the head of the chancery, i. e. the chancellor. This fact seems to indicate that it became a mere ornament, which no longer signified practical participation in preparing documents. The conclusions drawn from an examination of the chancery of the dukes of Swidnica can be generalised so as to encompass also various Silesian chanceries. Other end formulas encountered in documents from Swidnica, especially the 'per dominum N' formula, were also analysed. Originally, this formula appeared sporadically, and listed the person who requested that the chancery issue the document; it became more universal at the beginning of the fifteenth century (due to Bohemian impact), when it designated the signer himself.
2

AGNES REGINA. IN SEARCH OF BOLESLAW THE BOLD'S WIFE

100%
Jurek T.
Roczniki Historyczne
|
2006
|
vol. 72
95-104
EN
The article is concerned with the identification of a ruler called Agnes regina in the necrologium of Zwiefalten abbey from before mid-12th c. That name does not appear among European queens of the turn of the 11th and 12th c. Because Zwiefalten abbey had very close relations with Poland in the 12th c., it is possible that she was a Polish queen, the wife of Bolesław II the Bold (died in 1082). Jan Dlugosz, the 15th c. chronicler, calls her Wyszeslawa, but it is uncertain if the information is reliable. The queen may have had two names which was quite common at the time. Her origin remains unknown but most probably should be sought among Ruthenian Rurikids or Czech Premislids.
3
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The Language of Mediaeval Silesian Documents

100%
Jurek T.
Kwartalnik Historyczny
|
2004
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vol. 111
|
issue 4
29-45
EN
The article concerns the heretofore insufficiently examined question of the application of assorted languages in mediaeval Silesian documents. The first documents appeared in Silesia in the middle of the 12th century, and to the end of the following century they were all written in Latin. German-language documents were first issued at the beginning of the 14th century. The majority concerned town questions, and for a long time comprised a margin of the total output of the local chanceries. In about 1350 the chanceries of particular dukes began to use German-language documents to confirm a large part of various questions, as a rule resignations from landed estates. German also became more universal in the municipal chanceries and the private documents issued by knights. Up to the end of the 14th century, it dominated all secular document in Silesia. Latin documents continued to be written only for the clergy. The universal acceptance of the German language was by no means caused by a wish to oblige the chancery scribes. Multiple traces indicate that the latter found it even more difficult to write in German than in Latin. On the other hand, the German language suited the secular recipients as well as administrative and court instances, which required documents that would be understandable for all. Relations with the chancery of the Bohemian branch of the Luxembourg dynasty, which in the second half of the 14th century was simultaneously the Reich chancery, were also of considerable importance. The educated variety of the German language, used by the chanceries, spread across Silesia as well as central and eastern Germany. A language close to the local dialect was used only in private documents. The 15th century witnessed a further dissemination of German, now accepted even by Church chanceries, although basically only in connection with secular issues. In Upper Silesia, this development ran a different course: in about 1400 German prevailed as the language of documents, but from 1430 on the number of documents in Czech grew and in ca. 1470 won a leading rank. In its capacity as the official language, Czech survived until the 17th century. This situation corresponded to the linguistic relations in Upper Silesia whose population had retained its Slavonic character. The Polish language was still unsuited for use by chanceries, and even in Poland it was absent from official circulation. The extremely rare Polish-language documents did not appear in Silesia until the 16th century.
4

THE LUBIAZ EPITAPH OF DUKE HENRYK OF GLOGÓW. RECENTLY DISCOVERED LATIN POEM FROM THE BEGINNING OF THE 14TH CENTURY

63%
Jurek T., Rzepiela M.
Roczniki Historyczne
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2005
|
vol. 71
185-199
EN
The paper deals with the text of hitherto unknown epitaph written to honour Duke Henry of Glogów (died in 1309). Henry was a prominent figure, participated in the rivalry for the unification of Polish lands; also he ruled in Great Poland (1306-1309) and aspired to win the royal crown. The text of the epitaph was preserved in copies (originating from the beginning of the 17th century, from around 1700) in the collections of inscriptions of the Cistercian monastery in Lubiaz (Leubus). Thus, it is very likely that the poem was written in this monastery. The study of versification (regular hexameter in elaborated leonines) indicates that the poem was written in the first half of the 14th century. Also the analysis of the contents shows that the author must have written it shortly after the death of the duke, around 1315 (the text mentioned briefly the destruction of Poznan that had taken place in 1313/1314). When compared with other epitaphs of that time, the poem is distinct, not only because of its extent, but also its artistic qualities and original subject matter.
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