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Funkcje użytkowe niektórych elementów wystroju pasów ludności kultury przeworskiej. Casus kabłączków, zawieszek, skuwek z pierścieniem

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Madyda-Legutko R.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2016

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vol. LXVII

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issue 67

65-110

EN

In different areas of the Central European Barbaricum, the Przeworsk Culture territory included, there is evidence in the Early Roman Period of some a certain standardization of belt fittings attributed to the warrior class. This observation applies not only to belt fastenings and strap ends, but also to fittings attached to the perimeter of the belt. They served a decorative function but, presumably, even more so a utilitarian one. Found among them are fittings commonly understood to have served in suspending from the belt objects belonging to the so-called personal equipment of warriors, namely: belt hangers, belt pendants and belt fittings with a pendent ring. A special attention was paid to this type of belt fitting during analysis of warrior belts of Early Roman Period data found in site at Illerup Ådal in Jutland (J. Ilkjær 1993a). Belt hangers known from Przeworsk Culture assemblages come in several variants depending on the shape of the bar and rivet-plates which attached them to the leather strap. Depending on the differences in the shape of the bar three variants may be distinguished: 1. with a bar made of folded wire, approximately W-shaped (Fig. 1; List 1, Fig. 4); 2. with a U-shaped bar (Fig. 2; List 2, Fig. 5); 3. with a frame-like bar (Fig. 3; List 3, Fig. 6). The shape of the rivet-plates is not in a correlation with the shape of the bar. In the Przeworsk Culture territory belt hangers appear in phase B1 of the Early Roman Period (variants 1 and 2). Their largest number, irrespective of their shape, has been recorded in assemblages dated to phase B2b. All three belt hanger variants are documented in the Late Roman Period, chiefly in phase C1a. Elsewhere in the Central European Barbaricum analogous belt hangers have been recorded with the same frequency and within the same chronological confines (phase B1–C1a), as in the Przeworsk Culture territory. Metal belt sets of which belt hangers formed part have a similar character both in the territory of the Przeworsk Culture settlement as in other regions of the Central European Barbaricum. Most of them belonged to belts worn by warriors. In the Przeworsk Culture (Fig. 7:1) in phase B1, similarly as in the Elbian Circle, in the Bohemian Basin (Fig. 12:1) and in Lower Austria, belt hangers were used on belts fastened with buckles with an eight-shaped frame (group A) and fitted with profiled strap ends. In phase B2 there is an increase in the number of belts provided with belt hangers. Some of these belt sets are reminiscent stylistically to those of the preceding chronological period in that they include profiled strap ends (Fig. 8:1, 10:2). On the other hand, in phases B2b and C1a everywhere in the Central European Barbaricum belts with belt hangers (mostly variants 2 and 3), dissimilar in style design become widespread. These belts tended to be fastened with a buckle having a rectangular frame, mostly of type G16, and were usually fitted with a strap end type 4–6 or 9 (Fig. 7:3, 8:2.3, 9:1 11:1). Belt hangers were used in belts worn by the local elites (Fig. 13:2). In the outfit of the Przeworsk Culture warriors belt hangers (variants 2 and 3) appear also as an element of wide belts which were fastened with a heavy buckle of group G, with a double prong (Fig. 10:1). In phase C1a, in the Przeworsk Culture, we find a very small number of belt hangers forming part of new belt sets which include buckles with a D-shaped frame set on an axis, type D17 (variant 1; Fig. 7:2). Singly belt sets of this type, with belt hangers, variants 2 or 3, have been recorded in the Elbian Circle, the Luboszyce Culture on the one hand, and the territory of the Dollkeim-Kovrovo Culture on the other. From the territory of the Przeworsk Culture settlement we also have a record on belts fitted with belt hangers identified with women’s outfits dating to phase B2b (Fig. 11:2). A very small number of belts with belt hangers attributed to women has been recorded in the Elbian Circle, the Wielbark Culture and the Luboszyce Couture, as well as in south-western Slovakia. Moreover, belt hangers are an element of so-called Sambian belts, typical for women’s outfits in the Dollkeim-Kovrovo Culture. In the Przeworsk Culture territory belt pendants are much less frequent finds (Fig. 14, 15). They differ both in the proportions of their top part and the shape of their lower part, used for suspending objects, and have been distinguished on this basis into five variants: 1. with the top part passing to a rectangular frame (Fig. 14:1–4; List 4, Fig. 15); 2. with the top part passing to a single loop (Fig. 14:5.6; List 5, Fig. 16); 3. with the top part passing to a double loop (Fig. 14:7–11; List 5, Fig. 16); 4. with the top part passing to D-shaped loop (Fig. 14:12; List 5, Fig. 16); 5.with the top part in the form of a rectangular bar with a D-shaped loop (Fig. 14:13.14; List 5, Fig. 16). In the Przeworsk Culture territory belt pendants as elements of belts are more characteristic for phase C1a than for phase B2b, and are documented also in phase C1b (variants 1 and 2). A small number of earlier belt pendants dating to phases B2a (variant 2) and B2b (variants 1 and 5) originate for the most part from the eastern range of the Przeworsk Culture, whereas younger specimens are known primarily from the western range of that culture. Elsewhere in the Central European Barbaricum a small number of belt pendant finds have a similar chronological position as in the Przeworsk Culture. Specimens known at present represent all belt pendant variants known from the Przeworsk Culture, except for variant 4. On the other hand, belt pedants recorded elsewhere in the Central European Barbaricum (Fig. 17:1.2) lack analogies in the Przeworsk Culture materials. In the Przeworsk Culture territory, similarly as in other areas of the European Barbaricum, belt pendants were characteristic for belts worn by warriors fastened with buckles with a rectangular frame, group G, mostly type G16 (Fig. 18:1.2), often with strap ends. As in the case of belt hangers in the Przeworsk Culture environment belt pendants were also, on very rare occasions, attached to belts fastened with buckles with a D-shaped frame, group D (Fig.18:3.4). There is no conclusive evidence that belt pendants formed part of the outfit of women of the Przeworsk Culture people. Another form of metal belt fitting serving a function analogous to that of belt hangers and belt pendants are fittings with a single pendent ring. Not that these fittings were necessarily associated functionally with leather straps forming part of clothing, they could also belong to straps used for suspending drinking horns or in strapping swords. The main argument assisting the identification of fittings with a pendent ring as elements of belts is that they have been found in context with other metal elements of the belt set. In the Przeworsk Culture territory two variants of fittings have been set apart: 1. with a narrow fitting and a relatively thickset ring (Fig. 19:1–6; List 6, Fig. 20), 2. with a relatively small body fitting, usually lightly expanded at the top, and a relatively small ring (Fig. 19:7–9; List 6, Fig. 20). Belt fittings variant 1, mostly made of bronze, are recorded during phase B2a in the eastern zone of the Przeworsk Culture settlement; variant 2 (bronze or iron) are noted during phase B2 and in C1a. Bronze variant 1 fittings found in the Przeworsk Culture territory are a characteristic form used in women’s belts fastened with buckles, group D, type 1, without metal strap ends (Fig. 21:1). On the other hand, variant 2 belt fittings occur mainly in the male outfit, used in belts fastened with a buckle having a rectangular frame, group G (Fig. 10:2), or a D-shaped frame, group D (Fig. 8:1). Outside the Przeworsk Culture territory belt sets with belt fittings with a pendent ring, variants 1 and 2, have been recorded in areas of the Central European Barbaricum and were in use mostly in phases B2 and C1. The source of impulse which led to the emergence in the outfit of warriors of barbarian Europe as early as in phase B1 of belts with fittings which allowed for suspension of objects belonging to the so-called personal equipment is hard to pinpoint. Personal equipment is represented by fire striking sets consisting of a firesteel and a pin, or just one of these items (Fig. 22). In phases B2b and C1a in grave inventories in the Central European Barbaricum are seen to include assorted objects of which some could have been secured at the belt, e.g., knives in leather sheaths, awls, tweezers, whetstones. Some variant 3 belt hangers are very thickset, suggesting that even quite heavy objects may have been suspended from them. It may be conjectured that Przeworsk Culture warriors wore belts with pouches attached to them (Fig. 7:3). As for women’s belts, they may have had keys suspended from them (Fig. 21:1.2). Fire striking tools surviving in the Przeworsk Culture territory and elsewhere in the Central European Barbaricum dating to the horizon of phases B2b–C1a were fixed to belt hangers and pendants by means of short linking pieces which could have reduced the functionality of such a set (Fig. 11:1, 22:3–6). Consequently, its funerary purpose may not be ruled out. On the other hand, a very modest number of longer linking pieces has been recorded (Fig. 22:1.2, 23). It is remarkable that some belt hangers and belt pendants recovered in the Central European Barbaricum and dating to phases B2b and C1a include small fittings (Fig. 24:1–4) allowing introduction of narrow and long thongs and only on them suspension of e.g., firemaking tools, obviously making it easier to use them. Moreover, firesteels and tweezers found with a surviving fitting prove that they could have been attached to the belt on narrow straps, or suspended from them using the fittings discussed here (Fig. 8:2, 9:1, 18:1.3). Not to be ruled out either is that use was made of the loop of the firesteels themselves to wear them at the belt suspended on a narrow leather strap (Fig. 25:4.5). In discussing the functionality of belts with objects suspended from them (R. Articus 2004) other reconstructions have been put forward as well (Fig. 25:1–3). The greatest uniformity of belt sets associated with outfit of warriors and suspension from belts of the so-called personal equipment is observed in the Central European Barbaricum in phases B2b–C1a. It may be recognized with some confidence as the result of contacts between groups of warriors hailing from different cultural environment and their mobility. This could be related to settlement and culture shifts observed at this time, intimated also by the modest written sources at hand (K. Godłowski 2000, p. 26–30).

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Eine Siedlung der römischen Kaiserzeit in Pakoszówka, Gde. Sanok, Woiw. podkarpackie, FSt. 1, im Lichte der von 2007 bis 2008 durchgeführten Ausgrabungen

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Madyda-Legutko R., Smajek I.

Recherches Archéologiques Nouvelle Serie

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2010

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vol. 2

277-289

EN

During the excavations carried out in 2007-2008 dwelling part of the site at Pakoszówka was investigated, in the zone bordering on area where the field works in 2003-2004 were conducted. Especially worth noticing are observations concerning stratigraphical relations between some features within the investigated part of the site. They remain in accordance with the relative chronology of pottery discovered within fills of the features. Oldest one are two large storage pits, dated back to the beginning of the Early Roman Period. They are cut partially by relics of an earthfast house, which yielded pottery from the end of the Early Roman Period. The youngest stage of this stratigraphical sequence is represented by the pit, which is dated to Younger Roman Period. Within the fill of the last mentioned feature besides the hand-made pottery also some fragments of wheel-made pottery as well as piece of silver mirror were found. All discovered in 2007-2008 artifacts represent Przeworsk culture, however with some traces of other cultural traditions.

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Die kulturelle Situation im oberen Sangebiet in der römischen Kaiserzeit im Lichte der neuesten Forschungen

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Madyda-Legutko R., Rodzińska-Nowak J.

Recherches Archéologiques Nouvelle Serie

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2010

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vol. 2

65-77

EN

Surveys conducted in the upper San area since 70-ties led to the discovery of vast number of settlements dated back to the Roman Period. Since 90-ties until now the expedition of Archaeological Institute of Jagiellonian University carry out excavations on selected sites within the area surrounding Sanok, such as settlement at Pakoszówka (sites 1 and 26) and cemetery at Prusiek. Results of this studies allow us to assume that in contrary to the western part of Polish Carpathians the upper San area constituted during the first centuries AD a kind of transitional zone of different cultural currents. Besides elements of Przeworsk culture the Dacian influences from the Dniester region and the eastern Slovakia are especially noticeable in the area in question.

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A Rediscovered Decorative Strap-end from Ciemna Cave in Ojców

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Madyda-Legutko R., Wojenka M.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2020

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vol. LXXI

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issue 71

389-399

PL

Z jaskiń i schronisk skalnych Wyżyny Krakowsko-Częstochowskiej, zwłaszcza zlokalizowanych na terenie Płaskowyżu Ojcowskiego, pochodzą liczne ślady pobytu człowieka datowane na okres wpływów rzymskich i wczesną fazę okresu wędrówek ludów. W sposób szczególny wyróżnia się pod tym względem Jaskinia Ciemna położona w dolinie Prądnika w Ojcowie, pow. krakowski. Prace w jaskini prowadzone od przełomu XIX i XX wieku po dzień dzisiejszy, poza spektakularnymi inwentarzami paleolitycznymi przyniosły liczne znaleziska odnoszące się także do wspomnianego okresu. Materiały z okresu wpływów rzymskich i z wczesnej fazy okresu wędrówek ludów pochodzące z badań Stefana Krukowskiego z lata 1918–1919 były przedmiotem odrębnego opracowania (M. Mączyńska 1970). Kwerenda zabytków z Ojcowa przeprowadzona przez Michała Wojenkę w Dziale Wczesnego Średniowiecza i Archeologii Czasów Nowożytnych PMA przyniosła odkrycie ozdobnego okucia pasa z pierwszej połowy V wieku, omyłkowo określonego jako przedmiot nowożytny (nr VI/6441, nr kat. 4). Dokładna lokalizacja okucia w obrębie jaskini nie jest znana. Z całą pewnością pochodzi ono z jednego z sześciu wykopów założonych przez S. Krukowskiego (Ryc. 1). Okucie to wykonano ze stopu miedzi, jego górną powierzchnię pokrywa bogata ornamentyka stempelkowa w stylu Untersiebenbrunn, wykonana różnymi stemplami, dodatkowo zdobiona inkrustacją, zapewne srebrną (Ryc. 2–4). Okucie odpowiada typowi 13 metalowych zakończeń pasa z obszaru kultury przeworskiej w klasyfikacji R. Madydy-Legutko (2011). Na terenie Barbaricum okucia płytowe nie należą do częstych znalezisk. Jak dotąd koncentrują się one głównie w południowym zasięgu osadnictwa kultury przeworskiej (Ryc. 5:1–5.8). Na pozostałych terenach występują w pewnym rozproszeniu. Zbliżony stylistycznie i wielkością do okucia z Jaskini Ciemnej jest zabytek z Jerzmanowic (Ryc. 5:1), również z południowej części Płaskowyżu Ojcowskiego. Podobne cechy stylistyczne charakteryzuje także mniejsze i węższe okucie z jaskini Kaplnka (Ryc. 5:7) położonej na południowym obrzeżu Niskich Tatr i okucie odkryte ostatnio w zachodniej Ukrainie (Ryc. 5:10). Z kolei stosunkowo duże srebrne okucie płytowe znalezione na Litwie (Ryc. 5:11) i brązowe znad środkowego Dunaju (Ryc. 5:9) nie są bogato zdobione ornamentyką stempelkową, co zapewne jest związane z różnicami warsztatowymi. Dekoracja występująca na okuciu z jaskini Ciemnej zbliżona jest do ornamentu zaplatanego. Takim wzorem wykonanym techniką niello, zdobione są srebrne, pozłacane okucie płytowe i sprzączka ze skarbu z Zamościa na Lubelszczyźnie (Ryc. 6:1.2). Końcowe okucia pasa z ornamentyką stempelkową typu Untersiebenbrunn datowane są na fazę D2 wczesnego okresu wędrówek ludów w ujęciu J. Tejrala (2010). Wraz z innymi częściami stroju, jak np. zapinki, sprzączki typu Strzegocice-Tiszaladány-Kercz tworzą wyraźny horyzont chronologiczny i stylistyczny. Okucia płytowe, nie tylko wykonane ze stopów miedzi, ale także ze srebra, czasem nawet pozłacane, należały do szerokich, ozdobnych pasów o charakterze paradnym, noszonych, jak należy sądzić, głównie przez elity wojowników. Rozprzestrzenienie ozdobnych części pasów z ornamentyką stempelkową w pierwszej połowie V wieku wskazuje na istnienie dalekosiężnych kontaktów pomiędzy środkowoeuropejskim Barbaricum, Panonią, a północnymi wybrzeżami Morza Czarnego i południowymi wybrzeżami Bałtyku.

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Die kulturelle Situation zur römischen Kaiserzeit im Gebiet des oberen San. Einführung in die Konferenz: „Movement and stabilization. Przeworsk culture in the Upper Tisa River basin in the Roman Period”

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Madyda-Legutko R., Rodzińska-Nowak J., Pisz Z.

Acta Archaeologica Carpathica

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2019

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vol. LIV

9-24

DE

Eine Wanderung der Bevölkerung der Przeworsk Kultur in südöstlicher Richtung ist schon belegbar in der Phase B2 der frühen römischen Kaiserzeit und in der Phase C1a der jüngeren Kaiserzeit durch Grabbefunde, hauptsächlich mit männlicher Ausstattung, die auf dem Gebiet der östlichen Slowakei, der hinteren Karpatenukraine, dem nordöstlichen Ungarn und dem nordwestlichen Rumänien gefunden wurden. Diese Expansion kann in einen Zusammenhang mit der durch schriftliche Quellen belegten Wanderung der Wandalen in Richtung Dakien gebracht werden. Das Archäologische Institut der Jagiellonen Universität Krakau, Abteilung Eisenzeit, hat auf Ausgrabungsstätten im Gebiet von Sanok archäologische Untersuchungen durchgeführt, sowohl bei Siedlungen (Pakoszówka, Fundstelle 1, Fundstelle 26, Sanok, Fundstelle 54) wie auch auf Gräberfeldern (Prusiek, Fundstelle 25, Pakoszówka, Fundstelle 33). Die geschlossene Siedlungsgruppe aus der römischen Kaiserzeit im Gebiet von Sanok stellt ein Bindeglied dar zwischen den Siedlungen der Przeworsk-Kultur im mittleren Sangebiet und den Fundstellen im oberen Einzugbereich der Cisa, die man ebenfalls dieser Kultur zuordnen kann. Die Präsenz der Träger der Przeworsk-Kultur im Gebiet der Karpatentäler während der jüngeren und späten Kaiserzeit ist jedoch sehr schlecht im archäologischen Fundmaterial belegt, was die Schlussfolgerung nahelegt, dass der größte Teil dieser Gruppe assimiliert wurde, was wiederum bedeuten kann, dass nach der Migrationsphase eine Stabilisationsphase folgte.

EN

Archaeological finds document Przeworsk culture peoples' migration towards the southeast in phases B2 of early Roman Period and C1a of younger Roman Period. Finds of graves, mostly with grave goods typical of male burials are known from this period in the territories of eastern Slovakia, Transcarpathian Ukraine, north-east Hungary, and north-west Romania. We can correlate this migration with the historically documented expansion of Vandals in the direction of Dacia. Chair of Iron Age Archaeology of Institute of Archaeology of Jagiellonian University has led a series of excavations on the sites in the region of Sanok, both on the settlements (Pakoszówka, site 1, site 26, Sanok 54) and cemeteries (Prusiek, site 25, Pakoszówka, site 33). The concentration of settlements from the Roman period in the region of Sanok can be treated as a link etween the sites of Przeworsk culture in the San River middle catchment basin and from the Tisa River catchment basin. The presence of Przeworsk culture in the Carpathian Basin in the younger and late Roman Period is not evident. We can, therefore, conclude, that they have assimilated – after a phase of migration, they have entered a phase of stability.

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Pakoszówka, Gde. und Kr. Sanok, Woiw. Podkarpackie, Fst. 1 (Siedlung aus der Römischen Kaiserzeit)

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Madyda-Legutko R., Rodzińska-Nowak J., Pohorska-Kleja E.

Recherches Archéologiques Nouvelle Serie

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2009

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vol. 1

311-320

EN

Research on the settlement dated at the Roman Period at Pakoszówka was a continuation of the works carried out in the years 1999-2000 and 2002-2003. In light of the results of previous studies the settlement can be divided into two zones. In the southern part of the site, at the foot of Wroczeń Mountain, a zone of economic and productive activity was recognized, while in the higher northern area a residential part was indicated. Research in 2004 focused in the latter part of the site. Cultural affiliation of settlement at Pakoszówka is not completely clear. The elements typical of the Przeworsk Culture are accompanied by certain foreign elements, most likely derived from the Dacian cultural circle.

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Prusiek, Fst. 25, Gde. und Kr. Sanok, Woiw. Podkarpackie – das erste Gräberfeld der Bevölkerung der Przeworsk-Kultur in den polnischen Karpaten

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Madyda-Legutko R., Rodzińska-Nowak J., Zagórska-Telega J.

Recherches Archéologiques Nouvelle Serie

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2009

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vol. 1

295-309

EN

In 2004, an expedition of the Institute of Archaeology of the Jagiellonian University conducted the trial researches at cremation cemetery at Prusiek, and then in the years 2005 to 2006 regular rescue excavations. There were discovered 41 objects, including 35 graves and six small pits, presumably post-holes. A majority of burials were urn graves but ash graves have also been recorded. Burials are generally characterized by a relatively wide range of equipment, including weapons, i.a. swords imported from the Roman Empire. Preliminary analysis of inventories acquired so far indicates that the Prusiek necropolis should be dates back to the turn of the Early and Younger Roman Period, another words to the decline of the B2 phase and the phase C1a (with a distinctive within it the B2/C1 horizon). Materials from the cemetery at Prusiek show clear links with the so-called eastern zone of the Przeworsk Culture.

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Central european belt fittings from sarmatian burial at Kartal on the Lower Danube

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Bruâko I., Dzigovskij A., Madyda-Legutko R.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2018

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vol. LXIX

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issue 69

25-49

EN

Na lewobrzeżu delty Dunaju, na przedpolu umocnień Kartal we wsi Orlivka (obw. odeski, Ukraina), które były częścią systemu obronnego limesu Dolnej Mezji, znajduje się płaskie cmentarzysko sarmackie z III wieku po Chr. (Ryc. 1). Składało się ono z grobów otaczanych kolistymi rowami oraz podobnych rowów bez zlokalizowanych w ich obrębie grobów, a także grobów nieotoczonych rowami. Istotną wspólną cechą wszystkich pochówków odkrytych na tym cmentarzysku są sztuczne deformacje czaszek pochowanych tu osób (A. A. Vasil'ev, O. K. Savel'ev 2008, s. 29–37; I. V. Bruâko, A. N. Dzigovskij 2008, s. 77; O. K. Savel'ev 2009, s. 365–373; I. V. Bruâko, A. N. Dzigovskij, V. L. Denisûk 2011, s. 341–342). W trakcie wykopalisk prowadzonych w 2012 roku został odkryty m.in. interesujący zespół składający się z dwóch grobów (nr 298, 298a) otoczonych kolistym rowem (Ryc. 2). Grób 298 tworzyło skupisko przedmiotów metalowych wraz z niewielką ilością drobnych fragmentów przepalonych kości (Ryc. 3, 4:1––5, 5:1–7.10–16). W grobie 298a złożono pochówek inhumacyjny, później – zapewne rytualnie – naruszony. Pozostałości szkieletu leżały w nieładzie pod północną ścianą jamy grobowej a czaszka zalegała wyżej od pozostałych kości (Ryc. 2:B, 6:1); spośród elementów wyposażenia grobowego zachowały się jedynie dwa okucia (Ryc. 4:6.7, 5:8.9). Istotnym elementem całego założenia jest kolisty rów o średnicy 10–11 m (Ryc. 2:A). W północnej części tego rowu znajdowało się przejście pomiędzy powierzchnią otoczoną rowem a obszarem rozciągającym się na zewnątrz. We wschodniej i południowej części rowu odkryto dwa skupiska kamieni, nie sięgające jego dna (Ryc. 2:A, 6:2), które podczas odprawiania rytuałów pogrzebowych zapewne znajdowały się na powierzchni. Na dnie rowu w dwóch miejscach natrafiono na pozostałości czaszki konia (Ryc. 2:A). W wypełnisku południowej części rowu odkryto okucie ze stopu miedzi (Ryc. 6:3d), a w północnej fragmenty kilku naczyń glinianych (Ryc. 6:3.3a.3b). Ceramika ta może stanowić pozostałości sprawowanych tu rytuałów pogrzebowych, tzw. tryzny. Zapewne z nimi wiązać można także płytki obiekt (nr 39), odkryty na zewnątrz przejścia przez rów. Na północny wschód od rowu została znaleziona niewielka srebrna zoomorficzna aplikacja rzemienia (Ryc. 4:8a.8b), która prawdopodobnie należała do inwentarza grobu 298a. Ważną cechą inwentarzy grobów 298 i 298a jest współwystępowanie zabytków pochodzenia środkowoeuropejskiego (grób 298; Ryc. 3:1.2, 5:1.2) oraz charakterystycznych dla środowiska sarmackiego Europy wschodniej (groby 298 i 298a; Ryc. 3:3–9, 4:1–7, 5:3–16). Pochodzenia środkowoeuropejskiego jest zestaw okuć pasa ze stopu miedzi (grób 298), który składał się ze sprzączki o prostokątnej ramie z podwójnym kolcem (grupa G typ 37) oraz prostokątnego okucia końcowego zdobionego ornamentem ażurowym (typ 9 odm. 5/1) (por. R. Madyda-Legutko 1987; 2011). Na terenie Barbaricum zasięg występowania prostokątnych sprzączek z podwójnym kolcem wykonanych ze stopu miedzi (Ryc. 8), jest wyraźnie mniejszy niż egzemplarzy żelaznych (por. J. Andrzejowski, R. Madyda-Legutko 2013, s. 18–19, zest. 1, ryc. 1). Prawie wszystkie sprzączki z podwójnym kolcem z terenu kultury wielbarskiej wykonane są ze stopów miedzi (typ G37 lub do niego zbliżone; Ryc.7:6–11). Występują one także na obszarach zachodniobałtyjskiego kręgu kulturowego (typ G45) i kultury przeworskiej (typ G37; Ryc. 7:12). Pojedyncze sprzączki ze stopów miedzi znane są ponadto z Brandenburgii (typy G37/40 i G45), ze Szlezwiku, Jutlandii i wysp duńskich (typy G36, G37/41 i G42) oraz Kotliny Czeskiej (typ G37). Zwraca uwagę, że na północnych wybrzeżach Morza Czarnego spotykane są wyłącznie prostokątne sprzączki o ramach jedno- i dwudzielnych z widełkowatym kolcem wykonane ze stopów miedzi (Ryc. 7:2.3.5). W tę strefę ich występowania wpisuje się sprzączka z Kartal (Ryc. 7:1). Egzemplarz ten, jak również półfabrykat kolca sprzączki ze stopu miedzi typu G36/37 z Polesia ukraińskiego (Ryc. 7:4), łączą sprzączki z tego surowca z północnych wybrzeży Morza Czarnego z analogicznymi egzemplarzami ze strefy osadnictwa wielbarskiego. Na terenie środkowoeuropejskiego Barbaricum chronologia sprzączek z podwójnym kolcem, bez względu na użyty surowiec, obejmuje fazy B2b i C1a. Sprzączki z terenów nadczarnomorskich datowane są stosunkowo późno, bo na koniec II i początki III wieku oraz na 1. połowę III wieku. Istotnym elementem zestawu pasa z Kartal (gr. 298) jest znacznych rozmiarów okucie końcowe zbliżone do prostokąta (Ryc. 3:2, 5:2), charakterystyczne dla faz B2b i C1a. Ornamentyka ażurowa na tego typu okuciach pojawia się głównie na egzemplarzach pochodzących z kręgu zachodniobałtyjskiego (kultura bogaczewska i sudowska), a także, choć rzadziej, z kultury przeworskiej (Ryc. 9:2–9, 11; Lista 1). Stylistycznie okucie z Kartal bliższe jest okuciom o rozbudowanej ornamentyce z motywem trójkąta, znanym z kręgu zachodniobałtyjskiego (Ryc. 9:2.3), niż okuciom z ternu kultury przeworskiej (Ryc. 9:7). Do tej stylistyki nawiązują także okucia ze stopu miedzi z Karìva na zachodniej Ukrainie (Ryc. 10:1.2). Sprzączka z podwójnym kolcem wraz z okuciem końcowym z grobu 298 tworzy charakterystyczny zestaw przeznaczony dla stosunkowo szerokiego pasa, jaki na terenie środkowoeuropejskiego Barbaricum noszony był przez wojowników (Ryc. 12:2–4). Użycie stopu miedzi, nadającego mu efektowny złotawy kolor, oraz trójkowy układ nitów mocujących skuwkę sprzączki do rzemienia, podkreśla paradny charakter tego pasa. Wśród okuć charakterystycznych dla sarmackiego środowiska Europy Wschodniej wyróżnia się srebrny zestaw z grobu 298, składający się ze sprzączki, okucia końcowego, a zapewne także z niewielkiego okucia pierścieniowatego (Ryc. 4:1–3, 5:3–5). Rama i skuwka srebrnej sprzączki z Kartal zostały odlane razem. Analogiczne sprzączki znane są z inwentarzy grobów sarmackich jeźdźców z terenów położonych nad dolnym Donem, datowanych na koniec II i 1. połowę III wieku po Chr. (Ryc. 13:3–6). Sprzączkę taką odkryto też na lewym brzegu dolnego Dniestru (Ryc. 13:2). Srebrne okucie z tego zestawu (Ryc. 4:3, 5:5), jak i wykonane ze stopu miedzi (Ryc. 4:4, 5:12), należą do typu N3a okuć końcowych charakterystycznych dla późnosarmackiej grupy IIa sprzączek i okuć końcowych według V. Û. Malaševa, datowanej na lata 200/210–240/250 (V. Û. Malašev 2000, s. 197, 199–200, ryc. 1, 2). W późnosarmackich pochówkach jeźdźców z Europy Wschodniej zazwyczaj występuje po kilka okuć końcowych i sprzączek, które miały różne przeznaczenie funkcjonalne. Stosowane były do pasów noszonych na biodrach, a także pasów służących do zawieszenia broni, jak również należały do rzemieni obuwia oraz rzemieni uprzęży końskiej. Okucia końcowe, analogiczne do egzemplarza z Kartal, znane są z późnosarmackich grobów ze stepów Budziaku (Ryc. 14:1) i z Krymu (Ryc. 14:2); datowane są na III wiek. Często występują też wśród inwentarzy późnosarmackich grobów jeźdźców znad dolnego Donu (Ryc. 14:3–5). Trudno natomiast określić przeznaczenie niewielkiego srebrnego okucia pierścieniowatego z tego zestawu (Ryc. 4:2, 5:4). Wśród zabytków charakterystycznych dla środowiska sarmackiego w grobie 298 z Kartal są też okucia wykonane ze stopu miedzi, należące do uprzęży końskiej (Ryc. 3:3–5.8.9, 4:5, 5:10.11.13–16), a mające analogie w inwentarzach późnosarmackich pochówków odkrywanych nad dolnym Donem. Mogły one należeć do rzemieni siodeł, cugli i ogłowia, a także do mocowania popręgu. W zestawie przedmiotów z grobu 298 z Kartal są też pojedyncze okucia rzemieni, których przeznaczenia funkcjonalnego nie można jednoznacznie określić (Ryc. 3:6.7, 5:6.7). Wąskie okucie końcowe ze stopu miedzi (Ryc. 4:6, 5:8) z grobu 298a jest również charakterystyczne dla inwentarzy grobów jeźdźców z 1. połowy III wieku po Chr. Możliwe, iż srebrne okucie z tego grobu (Ryc. 4:7, 5:9) jest częścią nahajki. Unikatowa zoomorficzna aplikacja rzemienia (Ryc. 4:8a.8b) znajduje analogie jedynie na cmentarzysku w Nejzac na Krymie (Ryc. 15). Z okuć rzemieni znajdujących się w grobie 298 i 298a najstarszym elementem jest sprzączka z podwójnym kolcem i ażurowe okucie końcowe, datowane w ramach faz B2b–C1a. W świetle najnowszych badań nad datowaniem faz B2/C1–C1a na obszarze środkowoeuropejskiego Barbaricum, okres użytkowania pasów zapinanych sprzączkami z podwójnym kolcem nie powinien przekraczać 200 roku (P. Kaczanowski, A. Przychodni 2014). Zabytki charakterystyczne dla środowiska sarmackiego pochodzące z obu grobów (298 i 298a) mają późniejszą pozycję chronologiczną. Znajdują one bliskie, a niekiedy nawet identyczne odpowiedniki na późnosarmackich cmentarzyskach znad dolnego Donu, gdzie datowane są na III wiek, głównie na jego 1. połowę. Na cmentarzyskach tych grzebano także przedstawicieli sarmackiej elity wojskowej. Oba pochówki z Kartal należy uznać za jeden późnosarmacki kompleks grobowy (nr 298/298a). Jego złożenie miało miejsce najprawdopodobniej w 2. ćwierci III wieku po Chr., przy czym między pochówkiem z grobu 298 a bliżej nieokreślonymi działaniami o charakterze rytualnym, których rezultatem jest grób 298a, albo była niewielka różnica czasowa, albo też oba założenia powstały synchronicznie. Bardzo podobną sytuację zaobserwowano na sarmackim cmentarzysku Kolobovka/Колобовка III, położonym na lewym brzegu Wołgi. Z dużym prawdopodobieństwem należy przyjąć, iż wskutek wydarzeń politycznych, jakie miały miejsce w Europie Środkowej i Wschodniej w 2. połowie II i na początku III stulecia pas charakterystyczny dla stroju wojowników ze środkowoeuropejskiego Barbaricum trafił na tereny sarmackie, a następnie do grobu sarmackiego jeźdźca. Wśród takich wydarzeń należy wskazać przede wszystkim wędrówkę Gotów z południowych wybrzeży Bałtyku na południowy wschód, na północne wybrzeża Morza Czarnego. Nekropola, na której odkryto omawiane zabytki, najprawdopodobniej została założona przez niewielką grupę ludności sarmackiej, która pozostała na stepach Budziaku po rozpoczęciu tzw. wojen gockich. Zapewne w tym czasie dołączyły do niej pojedyncze grupy Sarmatów z terenów położonych dalej na wschód. Pas wojownika z grobu 298 należy zaliczyć do grupy artefaktów, które stanowią materialne świadectwo migracji Gotów, którzy pod przewodnictwem Filimera przewędrowali przez krainę Oium i dotarli na tereny nadczarnomorskie. Właśnie tutaj pas ten mógł trafić w ręce Sarmatów jako trofeum lub podarunek. Następnie, w okolicznościach obecnie niemożliwych do zrekonstruowania, wraz ze swym już sarmackim właścicielem dotarł nad dolny Dunaj i wszedł w skład przedmiotów złożonych do grobu 298. * Artykuł jest zmienioną i rozszerzoną wersją rosyjskojęzycznej pracy И. В. Бруяко, А. Н. Дзиговский, Р. Мадыда-Легутко, Studia Baltica et Pontica (Сармато-германский комплекс на городище Картал в низовьях Дуная), Stratum plus 2017/4, s. 233–264.

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Uwagi o chronologii i rozwoju przestrzennym cmentarzyska kultury przeworskiej w Opatowie, stan. 1, woj. śląskie

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Madyda-Legutko R., Rodzińska-Nowak J., Zagórska-Telega J.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2011

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vol. LXII

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issue 62

3-48

EN

On the turn of the Early and Younger Roman Period, i.e. during the latter half of the 2nd c. AD, a settlement micro-region took form in the basin of the Liswarta R. The area was investigated by Professor Kazimierz Godłowski from the Chair of Archaeology, Jagiellonian University (now, Institute of Archaeology) in 1956–1983 in a project of wide-scale excavation focusing mainly on the extensive cemetery at Opatów, site 1, comm. loco, distr. Kłobuck, Silesian voiv. (former Częstochowa voiv.). The site had been excavated for the first time in 1938 by two archaeologists from Cracow: Tadeusz Reyman and Stefan Nosek. For the time being the cemetery at Opatów is the largest fully investigated burial site of the Przeworsk Culture people. It owes its exceptional character to its intelligible horizontal stratigraphy, evidence on several different forms of cremation burial and also its grave inventories many of which contain Roman imports and a series of artefacts of great value in refining the chronology of the Roman Period. The cemetery continued in use over the entire period of development of the people of Przeworsk Culture in the basin of the Liswarta, i.e., some 300 years, approximately from mid-2nd century until the first decades of the 5th c. AD. To this period, corresponding to 10 generations, we can attribute some 1000 features. Horizontal stratigraphy observed at Opatów provided K. Godłowski with basic input for the study of the chronology of the Przeworsk Culture during the Younger and the Late Roman Period and the early stages of the Migration Period; the results of this research have a interregional significance. After analysing grave inventories containing relatively numerous chronologically sensitive metal objects Godłowski distinguished five phases of the cemetery. A more recent analysis of all the materials from Opatów has revealed that the majority of burials belong in the category of poorly furnished graves. More than once this has made it difficult to determine the their chronological position. Nevertheless, using input from detailed examination of selected categories e.g., Samian ware, supported with the most recent insights from analysis of the greatly increased source base, it has been possible to refine the dating of some of the burials. A new analysis made of the planigraphy of the cemetery at Opatów which took into account all the categories of finds, including pottery, as well as all the different grave forms, helped modify to some extent our understanding of the spatial development of the site and identify zones corresponding to the cemetery’s four phases. Phase I corresponds to phase C1a, including the horizon B2/C1, phase II – to phase C1b, phase III – to phase C2, and phase IV – to phases C3–D, in the system of relative chronology in Central European Barbaricum. It was observed that there is some overlapping of zone defined by the occurrence of artefact types distinctive for individual chronological phases and that, on occasion, these zones could not be separated precisely. This makes the attribution of some forms to a specific phase quite difficult. Ultimately it was established that the area of the cemetery was close in its shape to a crescent. Its oldest part is at the centre, from which area the cemetery subsequently spread out east- and southward. Archaeological material from this central area is understood to belong in phase I of the cemetery, datable to the early stage of the Younger Roman Period, i.e., phase C1a, including its distinctive horizon B2/C1. In the new system, phase I corresponds to phases I and II of K. Godłowski. Forms associated with this phase include numerous fibulae represented by a wide selection of types, both forms documenting continuity of earlier stylistic traditions of the Early Roman Period (fibulae Almgren group II, IV and V) and forms typical for the Younger Roman Period (fibulae AVI and AVII). Weapons are relatively numerous and include metal elements of shields and metal points from pole weapons. Other notable forms include a shield boss – late variant of shield bosses with a blunt spike and a relatively low collar, a shield boss with what is known as a pseudo-spike, a late conical shield boss with a high collar, and also, a U-shaped shield grip with an not clearly defined fan-shaped rivet plate. Roman imports are represented by fragments of bronze and glass vessels and fragments of Samian ware. Phase B2/C1 is apparent at Opatów in inventories of female graves. On just two occasions the lingering of forms characteristic for the Early Roman Period was observed, in graves with ‘male’ furnishings, which chronologically belong to the beginning of the Younger Roman Period. The presence of these early forms may be explained by the advanced age at death of the buried individuals. To the east and west of the central area of the cemetery it is possible to identify a zone with grave inventories containing forms characteristic for the later segment of the Younger Roman Period, attributed to phase II of the cemetery, which corresponds to most of the phase III of K. Godłowski, and to phase C1b. Small finds include numerous fibulae, Almgren group VI, weapons, e.g., swords type Folkeslunda-Zaspy of M. Biborski, and Samian ware, mainly from Westerndorf and from Pfaffenhofen, forming a visible concentration to the east of the central area of the cemetery. It is especially noteworthy that immediately to the north of the graves with Samian ware there is an observable concentration of finds with an evidently later chronological position, presumably, attributable to the final phase of the Roman Period. Moving even more to the east and south-west we come to an area which may be defined as zone III of the cemetery, synchronized with the late phase of the Late Roman Period, i.e., phase C2. This corresponds partly to phases III and IV of K. Godłowski. This part of the cemetery yielded items of weaponry such as a sword type Nydam-Kragehul, shield bosses with a hemispherical-domed top and a low waisted collar (graves 289 and 1187), shield grips with short rivet plates, points from pole weapons type XV, and in particular, type XX and XXII of P. Kaczanowski. There were no finds of spurs but a few finds of shears. There were good many finds of melted glass vessels and some glass counters. The area on the south-western and eastern margin of the cemetery represents its final phase IV – synchronized with phases C3–D in relative chronology. It corresponds to phase V of K. Godłowski. Distinctive forms include buckles with a thickened oval frame, group H of R. Madyda-Legutko, turning knives and elements of a lathe (grave 945), a bipartite ring horse-bit (above grave 459), a drinking horn terminal, group F type 2 of J. Andrzejowski, and also, an awl, type Dresden-Dobritz/Żerniki Wielkie. Weapons are represented by a handful of spear/lance points, type XVI, XXII of P. Kaczanowski, arrowheads (graves 957 and 987) and a shield grip with short and narrow rivet plates and a spur with rivets at heel band terminals (grave 322), type H of J. Ginalski, i.e., type Leuna variant D of U. Geisler. Also found in this zone are numerous fragments of partly melted glass vessels. Although the cemetery at Opatów continued in use into the early phase of the Migration Period this chronological segment is represented by only a small number of forms associated with stadium D. Some of them are not represented at all, e.g. metalwork decorated with stamp-impressed concentric rings and rosettes, characteristic for Untersiebenbrunn style, or fibulae type Prag. Nevertheless, settlement in the micro-region on the Liswarta R. apparently continued for some time, as documented by material from the nearby cemetery at Mokra. Significant results came from an analysis of the sizable pottery series secured at Opatów, both hand-built and wheel-made. It was found, e.g., that hand-built vessels with a black smoothed surface continued in use without interruption until the early phase of the Migration Period; this agrees with the results from the study of the pottery series from the Przeworsk Culture settlement at Jakuszowice. Moreover, many forms of hand-built vessels have to be recognised as long-lived: vessels with a biconical profile (group II), S-profiled jars (group V) and small basins with a rounded or a recessed base (group VI). Moreover, analysis of pottery styles revealed that the community using the cemetery could have arrived to the basin of the Liswarta from Silesia or Greater Poland, as the hand-built vessels and some features of their decoration, documented in the necropolis at Opatów find the greatest number of analogies in grave-fields discovered in the two regions. The first wheel-made vessels are recorded at Opatów during its oldest phase, in grave assemblages dated by fibulae A.II and A.V to phase B2/C1 (graves 745 and 808). This confirms the validity of the view on the relatively early appearance of wheel-made vessels in inventories of Przeworsk Culture. Vessels made using this method are present in all zones of the cemetery at Opatów, but their number visibly increases with each chronological stadium. In the cemetery at Opatów it is possible to grasp the changes taking place in the funerary rite over the entire period of its use. During phase I, i.e., on the turn of the Early and the Late Roman Period, urned burial was the dominant form. During phase II, which corresponds broadly to phase C1b, the number of urned graves becomes smaller and, with time, they are noted only sporadically. Analogical changes in the frequency of occurrence of urned graves are observed at this time on most of the territory of Przeworsk Culture. In the cemetery at Opatów the dominant form throughout is urned burial described as ‘pure’, as opposed to urned burial with the remains of the cremation pyre. In one notable case an urned burial dated to phase C1b was found under a presumed barrow mound (grave 1229). This grave was discovered at a considerable distance of c. 15 m from other features dated to the early segment of the Younger Roman Period, forming a concentration in this part of the cemetery. Another form of burial documented for the whole duration of the cemetery at Opatów was deposition of cremations in an organic container. Similar burials continued to be deposited without interruption until the time the cemetery went out of use. In this group, similarly as in case of urned graves, the dominant form is ‘pure’ burial. A new form noted during phase C1a are burials established on the site of cremation. One of its variants is burial known in literature as bustum – where the pyre is constructed over the grave pit – widespread in the Roman provinces. The cremation is deposited in an urn placed inside a relatively large pit (e.g. feature 601, 603-606-608, 631). The fill of such pits includes layers of burning and abundant charcoal fragments. Another distinctive form of feature associated with cremation in situ recorded at Opatów are ditch features, known mostly from other sites in the Liswarta basin, e.g., Żabieniec, Rybno and Mokra, and described in literature as ditch features, type Żabieniec. The cemetery at Opatów yielded both ‘classic’ rectangular ditch features as well as features with a more irregular outline and linear ditches. All the ditch features discovered at Opatów belong in phase C2 and phase C3–D. Still another characteristic feature at Opatów, noted for the first time in phase C1a, are cremation patches (‘layered features’), with an irregular outline, of a substantial depth, which usually cover an area of several sqq. metres and represent the remains of a single cremation in situ (e.g. feature 1216). The presence of cremation patches is confirmed in all the phases of the cemetery. Also found at Opatów are cremation patches, 10–20 cm in thickness, which contain a great amount of charcoal, burnt earth, burnt ceramics and fragments of metal, bone and glass objects, as well as burnt human bones, spread out over an area of several to a dozen-odd square metres. The lower levels in the cremation patches included earth which had been burnt in situ. The layered features have yielded bones belonging to several individuals. Large cremation patches are assigned to its phase IV, synchronized with phases C3–D. They were recorded at the opposite, south-western and eastern ends of the cemetery (e.g. feature 439-441, 449-454). The cremation patches are interpreted as the site of repeated cremation, made on the surface of the ground, from which – presumably – only a portion of the bone remains and grave goods was removed to be buried at some distance from the site of the cremation. This is confirmed by the presence in the graves attributed to the final stages of the cemetery at Opatów of a very small quantity of cremated bones. One more form identified at Opatów are large sunken features which presumably represent the fire-spots (Germ. Ustrine) and traces of hearths, of small size, presumably associated with poorly understood ritual practices undertaken within the cemetery. The distribution of these features suggests that each one was associated with its individual group of graves. The results of observations made in the cemetery at Opatów indicate that changes in the funerary cremation rite observed in Przeworsk Culture during the Early and Late Roman Period did not have the nature of an evolution, i.e., there was no simple temporal sequence: urned burial – pit burial – cremation patch. Changes started still at the onset of the Younger Roman Period, possibly even during late phase B2. At Opatów even during phase I there is evidence, next to urned and pit graves, of graves of type bustum and small-sized cremation patches associated with single cremations in situ. With time these processes intensify and, apparently, features associated with repeated cremation in situ, come into use. The grave inventories investigated at Opatów vary widely as to the wealth of their furnishings. In the light of the criteria accepted in literature most of these burials have modest or poor furnishings. All the same, graves which may be considered as richly furnished are present in all the phases that the cemetery at Opatów was in use. Their largest number is noted during phase I and this is consistent with the general tendency as regards the tradition of grave furnishing observed in Przeworsk Culture on the turn of the Early and Younger Roman Period. The recent extensive study of the archaeological material from the Przeworsk Culture cemetery at Opatów furnished new data on various aspects of culture of the community using this site. The dating of many categories of finds could be refined our understanding of the spatial development of the cemetery was improved. New insight was gained on the character of changes in the funerary tradition taking place within the Przeworsk Culture environment during the Younger and Late Roman Period and early phase of the Migration. Moreover, we obtained evidence on the biological condition of the community using the cemetery at Opatów and identified the main areas with which these people were in some form of contact. This data represents valuable source for continued research, both on a micro-regional scale as well as focused on issues pertinent for Central European Barbaricum at large.

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Prusiek, pow. sanocki, stan. 25. Pierwsze cmentarzysko ludności kultury przeworskiej w polskich Karpatach

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Madyda-Legutko R., Rodzińska-Nowak J., Zagórska-Telega J.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2006

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vol. LVIII

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issue 58

394-400

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Infiltration during the Early Roman Period of the Carpathian zone by the people of Przeworsk Culture is well confirmed by the archaeological record from the upper course of the San river. Their presence is evidenced by a number of settlement sites identified and variously investigated in the area of interest, dating from the later phase of the Early Roman Period and early phase of the Late Roman Period (R. Madyda-Legutko 2004, fig. 3). Not all these sites exhibit features of Przeworsk Culture in its ‘pure’ form, typical for areas farther the north of the Carpathian Range. In settlements found on the upper San next to hand-built pottery characteristic for Przeworsk Culture we also find vessels which in their stylistic outlook suggest strong interaction with Dacian cultures (R. Madyda-Legutko 1996, p. 61-66). Culture elements associated with the Dacian environment penetrated to the San basin during the Early Roman Period mainly by way of the Lipica Culture, from the area of the upper Dnestr basin, zone of Przeworsk-Lipice contact (D. N. Kozak 1999), possibly, by way of Zemplin environment from eastern Slovakia (R. Madyda-Legutko 1996, p. 104). While Przeworsk Culture presence in the upper San basin during the Early Roman Period is confirmed by a number of settlement sites recently we had no evidence of cemeteries from the same area. Between the world wars a single grave was discovered at Załuż, north-east of Sanok (M. Alek¬siewicz 1958, p. 50-51; P. N. Kotowicz 2004, p. 715, 717, fig. 4h). A number of seriously deteriorated burials registered at Bachórz-Chodorówka, site 1 may have dated from the Roman Period (M. Gedl 1999, p. 40). With no evidence of cemeteries reliably dated to the Roman Period available in the Polish Carpathian zone, despite earlier studies made in the foothill zone and Beskidy Mountains, the Przeworsk gravefield at Prusiek, site 25 (distr. Sanok, woj. podkarpackie) is truly exceptional (Fig. 1). It was discovered by accident in 1980 farming activity at which time a deteriorated funerary deposit was unearthed producing eg a sword ritually bent out of shape and two points from shafted weapons. One of these has survived (Fig. 2:1) and is now in keeping of the Museum in Sanok (P. N. Kotowicz 2004, p. 717–718, fig. 5). Site 25 at Prusiek lies on a promontory between two small streams – Sanoczek and its tributary Niebieszczanka (Fig. 1). Geologically the area is a former basin-like river valley bottom with fossil abandoned river channels and intervening ridges buried by river outwash and slope sediments. The burial ground lies on one of these ridges. Sondage excavation carried out by a team from Institute of Archaeology, Jagiellonian University in Cracow, in the autumn of 2004 led to the discovery of four urned cremation graves and of a number of stray finds, imaginably the remains of other no longer surviving burials. Investigation by sondage was followed by regular excavation in the summer of 2005, and area of 500 m2 was explored, uncovering 22 further features (21 graves and a pit of unknown purpose). Next to 12 variously preserved urned graves, there were two evident burials inside organic urns, two unurned graves and five burials in such a deteriorated condition that their original mortuary rite cannot be identified. Burials explored so far in general are characterised by relatively rich furnishings. Preliminary analysis of artefacts typology and chronology reveals an evident connection to the eastern zone of Przeworsk Culture (T. Dąbrowska 1973; J. Andrzejowski 1994; 2001), exemplified by eg a bronze strap-end with reduced profiling (Fig. 3:2), bronze brooch (Almgren group II/IV 3rd series – Fig. 3:1) and shield fittings – in bronze (shield grips, edge fittings) or bronze combined with iron. Elements of style typical for eastern zone of Przeworsk Culture are also evident in ceramics, eg large hand built urns with a shiny black surface and three to four (occasionally a larger number) handles, or raised beakers with an openwork foot (Fig. 4:4). Grave inventories, also ones datable to the close of phase B2 of the Early Roman Period next to hand made vessels produced wheel-made (?) ceramics, usually in fragmented condition, vessels with grey abrasive walls, frequently with evidence of cremation. Similar pottery was recorded elsewhere on the upper San (R. Madyda-Legutko 2004, p. 79; R. Madyda-Legutko, E. Pohorska-Kleja 2004; R. Madyda-Legutko, E. Pohorska-Kleja, J. Rodzińska-Nowak 2004). This sheds new light on the question of dating of the origins of wheel-made pottery in Przeworsk Culture environment suggesting also that familiarity with the potter’s wheel could have spread to Przeworsk Culture area in a somewhat different way that previously accepted (cf K. Godłowski 1985; H. Dobrzańska 1980; 1982; 1990). Basing on the preliminary analysis of their attributes all the grave inventories discovered at Prusiek may be dated to the close of the Early Roman or, possibly, the onset of the Late Roman Period ie, to phase B2, B2/C1 and presumably, C1a. The gravefield at Prusiek site 25 represents a link between funerary deposits left by Przeworsk Culture people in the lower reaches of the San and similar evidence known from the upper Tisa, eastern Slovakia, Trans-Carpathian Ukraine, north-eastern Hungary and north-western Romania (V. Budinský-Krička 1967, p. 309–310; V. Budinský-Krička, M. Lamiová-Schmiedlová 1990; M. Lamiová-Schmiedlová, P. Mačala 1991; M. Lamiová-Schmiedlová 1992, p. 75-78, fig. 2; K. Godłowski 1994, p. 72, fig. 2). This corresponds well with what the classical authors have to say about the arrival of Hasdingi, Lacringi and Victovali Vandal tribes from, as is commonly accepted, the territory within the range of Przeworsk Culture, on the Dacian borderland during the Marcomanian Wars of the early 170s AD (Cassius Dio, LXXI, 12,1; K. Godłowski 1982, pp. 48–49).

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Funkcje użytkowe niektórych elementów wystroju pasów ludności kultury przeworskiej. Casus kabłączków, zawieszek, skuwek z pierścieniem

Eine Siedlung der römischen Kaiserzeit in Pakoszówka, Gde. Sanok, Woiw. podkarpackie, FSt. 1, im Lichte der von 2007 bis 2008 durchgeführten Ausgrabungen

Die kulturelle Situation im oberen Sangebiet in der römischen Kaiserzeit im Lichte der neuesten Forschungen

A Rediscovered Decorative Strap-end from Ciemna Cave in Ojców

Die kulturelle Situation zur römischen Kaiserzeit im Gebiet des oberen San. Einführung in die Konferenz: „Movement and stabilization. Przeworsk culture in the Upper Tisa River basin in the Roman Period”

Pakoszówka, Gde. und Kr. Sanok, Woiw. Podkarpackie, Fst. 1 (Siedlung aus der Römischen Kaiserzeit)

Prusiek, Fst. 25, Gde. und Kr. Sanok, Woiw. Podkarpackie – das erste Gräberfeld der Bevölkerung der Przeworsk-Kultur in den polnischen Karpaten

Central european belt fittings from sarmatian burial at Kartal on the Lower Danube

Uwagi o chronologii i rozwoju przestrzennym cmentarzyska kultury przeworskiej w Opatowie, stan. 1, woj. śląskie

Prusiek, pow. sanocki, stan. 25. Pierwsze cmentarzysko ludności kultury przeworskiej w polskich Karpatach