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1

INFLUENCE OF POWER POSITION ON EFFECTIVENESS AND EVALUATION ONESELF AND OTHERS

100%
Struzynska-Kujalowicz A., Wojciszke B.
Psychological Studies
|
2007
|
vol. 45
|
issue 4
51-62
EN
Three studies are reported exploring influence of high versus low power position on effectiveness, estimation one's own and others' efficiency, evaluation of competence and morality of others and distribution of resources. Regardless of the power manipulation there were significant differences between individuals holding different positions in hierarchy. Participants assigned to high power conditions showed many signs of behavioral approach system activation: they ascribed to themselves higher influence and work input and allotted themselves more funds than to subordinates. Participants with subordinate positions showed signs of inhibition system activation: they ascribed to themselves lower influence on task realization and smaller input than supervisors and they allotted themselves less funds than to supervisors. The results are in accordance with approach-inhibition theory of power (Keltner, Gruenfeld & Anderson 2003).
2

RUMINATION QUESTIONNAIRE

100%
Baryla W., Wojciszke B.
Psychological Studies
|
2005
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vol. 43
|
issue 4
5-22
EN
An original Rumination Questionnaire (RQ) is presented. This is a 20-item two-factor questionnaire measuring the frequency of experiencing negative, unwanted, recurring thoughts about self or the social world. Studies on 13 samples showed two-factorial structure of RQ as well as high internal consistency and test-retest reliability of the two scales constituting the RQ: The scale of rumination about self and the scale of rumination about the social world. Both kinds of rumination correlated with various indices of anxiety, depression, and decreased mood. Rumination about self correlated with decreased self-esteem and satisfaction with personal domains of life. Rumination about the social world correlated with decreased satisfaction with public areas of life. A study of a representative sample of Polish adults showed a much higher tendency to ruminate about the social world than about self. Rumination about world increased, while rumination about self decreased with age.
3

The role of self-interest and competence in attitudes toward politicians

100%
Cislak A., Wojciszke B.
Polish Psychological Bulletin
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2006
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vol. 37
|
issue 4
203-212
EN
Information on a politician's competence (low vs. high) and on his program regarding interests of the retired persons (against vs. for these interests) was presented to a group of retired persons (whose interests were involved) and a group of university students (whose interests were not involved). Voting intentions were predicted and found to be influenced by competence in both the retired and student participants, but only the former group was influenced by the politician's program relevant to retirees' interests. The self-interest strongly influenced also the perceived morality, competence, and liking of the politician. The influence of interest on liking was completely mediated by the morality ascribed to the target politician (but only for the retired participants whose interests were actually involved). The results were discussed as a support for the candidate-centered voting and an extension of a self-interest/status account of differences between liking and respect as separate dimensions of interpersonal attitudes.
4

Self-interest in interpersonal perception and attitudes

100%
Wojciszke B., Baryla W.
Polish Psychological Bulletin
|
2006
|
vol. 37
|
issue 1
43-50
EN
Compared to other areas of psychology, social cognition is somewhat indifferent to the role played by self-interest. In this paper we present a thesis that self-interest is a prominent factor shaping interpersonal perceptions and attitudes. We review several research lines showing the dominance of moral information in person perception and the dominance of competence-related information in self-perception. This research provides indirect support for the idea that self-interest strongly influences person (and self-) perception processes. We also discuss research showing directly the strong influence of self-interest considerations on interpersonal attitudes and liking as well as on more descriptive perceptions including moral judgments.
5

SELF-ESTEEM AND JUDGEMENTS OF OWN COMPETENCE AND MORALITY

100%
Wojciszke B., Baryla W.
Kolokwia Psychologiczne (Psychological Colloquia)
|
2005
|
vol. 13
33-47
EN
Six samples (total N = 660) varying in age, occupation, and nationality were asked to rate their own traits related to competence (C) and morality (M) and their self-esteem was assessed using various methods. In line with the hypothesis of competence/agency dominance in self-perception it was predicted and found that self-esteem was more strongly correlated with the C than M self-ascription. Although in absolute terms the participants ascribed to themselves significantly more M than C, the former was completely unrelated to their self-esteem. This was found in all samples (student vs non-student, younger vs older, men vs women, Polish vs Dutch) which allowed to eliminate several alternative explanations of the effect. Also in free self-descriptions elicited from one of the samples, C related self-descriptors appeared much more frequent than M-related ones. It was concluded that competence/agentic categories dominate self-perceptions (and self-esteem) over equally favourable categories related to morality and communion.
6

SYSTEM DELEGITIMIZATION AND BELIEF IN LIFE AS A ZERO-SUM GAME

100%
Wojciszke B., Borkowska P.
Kolokwia Psychologiczne (Psychological Colloquia)
|
2007
|
vol. 16
39-53
EN
A series of research on three beliefs on social world is summarized: a system legitimacy belief, the belief in injustice of social world and the belief that life is a zero-sum game. A Polish national sample was studied as well a number of smaller student samples. A great majority of Poles was found to believe that social world is generally unjust, and a sizeable majority was found not to believe in legitimacy of the current socio-political system. Experimental research suggests that Poles do not develop myths justifying the existing social order. Rather, they tend to produce myths delegitimizing this order: Persons who attain social status or material wealth are perceived as less moral (though more competent) than persons of low status or relatively poor. The belief in life as a zero-sum game (that successes are won at the expense of other people's failures) is discussed as a factor underlying delegitimization of the social world.
7

Immorality of success: When legitimization does not work

100%
Wojciszke B., Dowhyluk M.
Polish Psychological Bulletin
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2006
|
vol. 37
|
issue 4
213-220
EN
Based on the idea that Polish society actively delegitimizes the economical and political order we predicted that persons successful in business or politics would be perceived as less moral than failing ones. Participants (N=210 students) read vignettes describing businessmen or politicians who succeeded or failed in their activity and then rated their competence, morality, likeability, and respectability. Although successful persons were perceived as more competent and respectable, they were also seen as less moral and likeable than the failing ones. The latter results were interpreted as a symptom of system delegitimization. We conclude that some social systems are not being legitimized because they are widely believed to be not fair and in an acute need of change.
8

Ambivalence of attitudes towards people with whom the contact is closed or continued

81%
Grabowski A., Wojciszke B., Broemer P.
Polish Psychological Bulletin
|
2005
|
vol. 36
|
issue 2
99-107
EN
Attitudes towards other people were compared in two situations: when a direct, everyday contact with the others continues, and after the contact has been closed. Study 1 (N=97 students) showed that in the first, 'contact' situation the attitude is much more ambivalent than in the other, 'no contact' situation. Study 2 (N=105 secondary school students) replicated the result and additionally demonstrated that the interaction of liking and esteem was a powerful antecedent of ambivalence. Study 3 (N=115 students) apart from replicating the results of the two previous studies also showed that there is a significant relationship between the decrease of the level of ambivalence and increase of the overall attitude extremity when the contact is closed. Study 4 (N=116 students) additionally demonstrated the role of negative information about others both for ambivalence and overall attitude towards them. AUTHORS' NOTE: (1) As ambivalence has eventually been recognised as a property of attitudes (e.g., Bargh, Chaiken, Govender, & Pratto, 1992; Bassili, 1996; Cacioppo, Gardner, & Bernston, 1997; Priester & Petty, 1996; Thompson, Zanna, & Griffin, 1995). (2) Our research was carried out in groups of students (with their ex- and current teachers as the attitude objects) as the contact with teachers is usually limited to classes so there should be a clear-cut transition between the two different stages, i.e. with and without regular contact.
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