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EN
On the one hand, the man is supposed to show greater interest in the childcare, spend much more time with his offspring and put more effort in its education and upbringing. On the other, the very same man is simultaneously obliged to be the head of the family and take care of its safety, especially as far as money is concerned. Therefore, the man is expected to spend more time at home with his wife and children, participate in all housework, and be still responsible for the family's financial security. Would the new father be able to manage these new expectations, which seem a little bit to excess? Would these changes reflect identity and fulfill expectations of the new father? Of course we still have to wait for the answers, but it seems feasible to ask, following Melosik, whether, in the face of so many encroachments on the male personality and psyche, as well as feminization of his body, “... a man is still a man?” (Z. Melosik, Kryzys męskości w kulturze współczesnej, Kraków: Oficyna Wydawnicza Impuls 2006, pp. 22.)
PL
Z jednej strony od mężczyzn wymaga się większego zainteresowania dzieckiem, większego wkładu czasowego i zadaniowego w jego rozwój i wychowanie, ale niezmiennie od mężczyzny oczekuje się jednocześnie, że nadal będzie on mocną głową rodziny, która przede wszystkim zadba o bezpieczeństwo swojej rodziny – szczególnie w zakresie finansowym. Zatem z jednej strony oczekuje się, że będzie on więcej w domu, z żoną, z dzieckiem, będzie partycypował w domowych obowiązkach, jednak nie zdejmuje to z niego odpowiedzialności za utrzymanie rodziny. Czy nowym oczekiwaniom, wydającym się trochę ponad miarę i możliwości, nowy ojciec podoła? Czy zmiany i współczesna figura ojca jest tą, w której określana na nowo tożsamość mężczyzny znajdzie odbicie i możliwość realizacji? Z pewnością na odpowiedź należy jeszcze poczekać, jednak, uzasadnionym wydaje się pytanie jakie stawia Z. Melosik, czy w obliczu wszystkich zmian w osobie, psychice, medykalizacji oraz feminizacji ciała męskiego „(…) mężczyzna to jest jeszcze mężczyzna?” (Z. Melosik, Kryzys męskości w kulturze współczesnej, Kraków: Oficyna Wydawnicza Impuls 2006, pp.
EN
For each individual, extremely important sense of self-fulfillment, autonomy and creative seems to be a control of their own life. Among people with disabilities, there are people well suited for socially satisfied with their lives, often very creative and independent, leading a normal family life, social, professional and even attaining considerable success. As well as there is also a group of people who having a sense of „external control” and marginalization, reducing their chances in social and professional integration. Extremely strongly marked by a category named as automarginalization. While factors or external barriers – still very numerous – resulting in the exclusion of people with disabilities are easy to eliminate by organized social activities and the legal obstacles as many psychological and social are still the main obstacle on the way to genuine social and professional rehabilitation of persons with disabilities. It is difficult to answer and even more difficult to estimate the extent to which the retreating of disabled people attitudes themselves are factors contributing to marginalization. It should be emphasized that such attitudes are often the result of subtle linkages emerging as a result of the impact of multiple external barriers. However, note the presence of such automarginalization factors; their existence constitutes an important element of the vicious circle of marginalization.
PL
Dla każdego człowieka bardzo ważne jest poczucie samorealizacji, autonomii i kreatywnego decydowania o własnym życiu. Wśród osób z niepełnosprawnością są osoby dobrze przystosowane społecznie, zadowolone ze swojego życia, często bardzo twórcze i niezależne, prowadzące normalne życie rodzinne, towarzyskie, zawodowe, a nawet osiągające znaczące sukcesy. Jednak jest także taka grupa osób, które mając poczucie „zewnątrzsterowalności” i marginalizacji, zmniejszają swoje szanse w integracji społecznej i zawodowej. Wyjątkowo mocno zaznacza się kategoria automarginalizacji. O ile czynniki czy też bariery zewnętrzne – ciągle liczne – powodujące wykluczenie osób niepełnosprawnych są łatwe do wyeliminowania poprzez zorganizowane działania społeczne i prawne, o tyle przeszkody natury psychicznej i społecznej są nadal podstawową przeszkodą w drodze do autentycznej rehabilitacji społeczno-zawodowej osób z niepełnosprawnością. Trudno odpowiedzieć, a tym bardziej oszacować, w jakim stopniu wycofujące się postawy osób niepełnosprawnych są same w sobie czynnikami sprzyjającymi marginalizacji. Należy podkreślić, iż takie postawy są najczęściej wypadkową subtelnych sprzężeń pojawiających się jako efekt oddziaływania wielorakich barier zewnętrznych. Niemniej jednak należy zwrócić uwagę na obecność takich samomarginalizujących czynników; ich istnienie stanowi bowiem istotny element błędnego koła marginalizacji.
EN
The rights of persons with disabilities to participate in social life include the right to employment and participation in labor market. In Poland, the law does not fully implemented and restrictions on professional activation are stuck on both the system and on the side of people with disabilities and employers. Currently in the area of activities for disabled persons waived from the medical model which treats people with disabilities as an object interactions institution for the social approach, recognizing their rights and duties on an equal basis with others. The proposed new − active − social policy model, based on civil rights contrasts with the previous one, in which the indexed needs (social) disabled people and pointed the way to satisfy them. The postulate of professional activation of persons with disabilities refers to activities aimed at strengthening labor market and employment opportunities of individuals. Active social policy (APS) is focused on the activities of public incentives for individuals to enter and remain in the labor market through the development of instruments to increase the capacity of employment and reducing demotivating function termination benefits (support conditional). The aim of the article is to present the most important assumptions of the APS in respect of the activities related to the employment of people with disabilities and also analyze support that group in the area of social economy.
EN
Parenthood used to be and in fact still is identified mostly with motherhood, not only in common thinking, but also in interdisciplinary studies. Until quite recently the main areas of reflection and discussion concerning parenthood were: the maternal instinct, maternity leave, maternal love and maternal bond. However, a change has been observed within the last decade. Now, the term fatherhood or the „new” fatherhood is becoming the subject of studies and analyses within the family studies (although it must be noted that the main focus is still on motherhood). The subject of fatherhood has been presented from the point of view of the evolution of fatherhood, the reasons of the crisis of fatherhood, and the characteristic of the „new” fatherhood. This article discusses the „new” (engaged) fatherhood as a currently promoted vision of the father role model.
EN
Element that creates the reality of the social economy in the Polish space is a social cooperative. The formula of its activity offers great opportunities for people belonging to disadvantaged groups. There is a proposal targeted primarily for the unemployed, the disa­bled people, addicts, the homeless, for those who for various reasons do not wish or are not capable of making business. They want instead to take joint and group economic activities, spread and reduce the risk of running their own business, while also pursuing social goals. The present article attempts to define social cooperatives in the social economy, its law and theoretical aspects.
XX
Elementem, który tworzy rzeczywistość ekonomii społecznej w polskiej przestrzeni, jest spółdzielnia socjalna. Formuła jej działalności daje ogromne szanse dla osób zaliczanych do grup defaworyzowanych. Spółdzielnia jest propozycją skierowaną przede wszystkim do osób bezrobotnych, niepełnosprawnych, uzależnionych, bezdomnych, które z różnych względów nie chcą lub nie są w stanie samodzielnie podejmować działalności gospodarczej. Chcą natomiast podejmować wspólne, grupowe działania gospodarcze, rozłożyć i ograniczyć ryzyko prowadze­nia własnego biznesu, realizując przy tym również cele społeczne. W prezentowanym artykule podjęto próbę określenia spółdzielni socjalnych w przestrzeni ekonomii społecznej w procesie integracji społeczno-zawodowej osób z grup zagrożonych marginalizacją, jej aspektów praw­nych oraz teoretycznych.
EN
Disability in Poland has recently become a frequent subject of research and investigation. But the studies have mainly focused on psychological issues, as well as a social support of the disabled and their families. A disabled person's religiosity has been hardly ever investigated, and particularly there is hardly any evidence of research on how religion helps to experience disability. The impressive number of studies conducted in the United States, Canada or other countries clearly indicate that religion plays a key role in living a traumatic situation. For the disabled and their families both the individual and social dimension of the faith are of paramount importance; the individual dimension includes prayer and faith in God, the social dimension comprises community meetings, discussions, and intercessory prayers. These practices, in addition to the salvific and spiritual dimension, have a positive effect on improving mental condition of a person, they support treatment and encourage the pursuit of full ability.
EN
Our perception of reality is subjective. Each person perceives reality in a different way, experiencing only a fraction of it. And yet we believe, or rather we want to believe, that there is an objective reality. Today one needs an extensive knowledge so as not to get lost in the hotchpotch of information provided by the modern media, and to find the information essential for us. Subconsciously, we are looking for an authority to provide us with an interpretation of reality, explanation, personal opinions and even instructions on how to understand it. Mass media have taken up this role in the modern, technologically developed society. The belief in the omniscient media drives people to perceive the media-generated images and news as more real than their own life experiences. Not without a reason the media consciously resort to manipulation. There is a conviction that one can rule over people by gaining power over their imagination. An average receiver of the 21st century media is a perfect target for the modern television, Internet, video games, etc; overworked, tired and stressed, s/he will trust the media and the information they provide. And again we come back to the question of whether it is the media that create the world, or is it the world that shapes the mass media? Whatever the answer, we arrive at further questions: the question of responsibility in the communication process, responsibility for spreading honest and reliable information, and responsibility for creating social relationships.
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