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1

Come educare una figlia secondo Bernardino da Siena

100%

Głusiuk A.

Seminare. Poszukiwania naukowe

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2015

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vol. 36

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issue 4

209-223

PL

Opinia mężczyzn na temat kobiety w okresie średniowiecza była bardzo różna: jedni uważali ją za córkę Ewy i powtarzali nauki św. Pawła czy Tertuliana, drudzy natomiast widzieli w kobiecie Maryję godną uwielbienia. Podobny brak jednomyślności dotyczył kwestii edukacji kobiet. Filip z Novary na przykład podkreślał, że edukacja powinna być zakazana wszystkim kobietom. Franciszek z Barberino natomiast uważał, że dziewczęta z rodzin szlacheckich powinny uczyć się sztuki pisania i czytania, aby w przyszłości móc zająć się swoimi dobrami, ale z drugiej strony odmawiał prawa do nauki córkom rzemieślników i kupców. Christina da Pisan uważała, że uczyć należy wszystkie kobiety, a Tour De La Landry podkreślał, że kobieta powinna potrafić przynajmniej czytać. Brakowało jednak dokładnych informacji jak powinna wyglądać edukacja dziewcząt. Bernardyn ze Sieny, jeden z najbardziej znanych kaznodziejów XV-wiecznej Sieny, widząc tę lukę, w swoich kazaniach nauczał między innymi, w jaki sposób należało wychować młodą dziewczynę. Słowa Bernardyna skierowane są zarówno do dziewcząt, jak i do ich opiekunów, którzy powinni bacznie obserwować zachowanie córek, zadawać im liczne obowiązki domowe, aby w przyszłości potrafiły prawidłowo zarządzać gospodarstwem męża. Bernardyn nauczał dziewczęta, komu powinny być posłuszne, jak miały mówić i czego słuchać, jak się ubierać i jakich zachowań uniknąć, aby dobrze wyjść za mąż.

EN

In the Middle Ages men’s opinions about the women were very different: some of them perceived women as the daughters of Eva and recalled the teachings of St. Paul or Tertullian, while others saw in them the embodiment of Mary worthy of adoration. Similarly, there was no agreement with respect to education of women. According of Philip of Novara, for example, education should be prohibited to all women, while Francis of Barberino thought that girls from noble families should know how to read and write so that, in future, they could take care of their proprieties, however he denied the right of the education to the daughters of artisans and merchants. Christina da Pizan believed that all women should study and Tour De La Landry emphasized that they should at least be able to read. However, there was no precise information on the scope of education for women. Bernardino of Siena, one of the most famous preachers of the fifteenth century, saw this deficiency and in his sermons he taught, among other things, how parents should educate their daughters. Bernardins’ words were addressed both to girls and to their parents who should observe the behaviour of their daughters, giving them different chores, so that, in the future they could properly manage their husbands households. Bernardino taught the girls whom they should obey, how they should speak and what to listen, how they should dress and what kind of behaviour they should avoid in order marry well.

2

La falsa santità – il caso di Sibilla di Marsal

100%

Głusiuk A.

Seminare. Poszukiwania naukowe

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2016

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vol. 37

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issue 1

183-192

EN

The object of this study is Sybilla of Marsal, a woman who lived in the 13th-century France. Her story was first described by Richer of Senones in Gesta Senoniensis Ecclesiae. The study presents how Sybilla was able to convince not only simple locals but also the monks and the bishop of Metz that she was chosen by God in a particular way. It also explores the question why some women feigned sainthood, who their victims were and whether it were only women or also men who pretended to be holy and, finally, what kind of punishment they had to suffer.

PL

Celem pracy było przedstawienie postaci żyjącej w XIII-wiecznej Francji, Sybilli z Marsal. Przybliżono postać kobiety, której historia została spisana przez Richera z Senones, który w Gesta Senoniensis Ecclesiae opisał wydarzenia z nią związane. Praca przedstawia, w jaki sposób Sybilli udało się przekonać zarówno prostych mieszkańców, jak i zakonników oraz biskupa z Metz, że w sposób szczególny została wybrana przez Boga. Ponadto praca ukazała, dlaczego kobiety udawały święte, kim były ich ofiary, czy tylko kobiety udawały święte oraz jaka spotykała je kara za oszustwo.

3

Krystyna z Markyate – wprowadzenie do Żywotu

100%

Głusiuk A.

Seminare. Poszukiwania naukowe

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2014

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vol. 35

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issue 2

163-174

EN

This article presents information about Christina, saint, eremite and subsequent superior in Markyate, who lived in England in the 12th century. The study aims to elucidate the person of the saint, so little known in Poland. In order to encourage reading of the “Life,” the author, apart from sketching the saint’s biography, discusses the role of women during the Middle Ages as well as refers to an extraordinary friendship between Christina and an abbot from one of the most influential monasteries of the twelfth-century England - Geoffrey of Gorham – who was a cause of damnatio memoriae after his death.

4

I due matrimoni di Cristina di Markyate

100%

Głusiuk A.

Saeculum Christianum. Pismo Historyczne

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2014

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vol. 21

51-60

EN

The article presents the person of Christina, saint, eremite and superior in Markyate who lived in England in the XII century. The study aims at bringing closer the figure of this saint still so little known in Poland. Her life written by a monk from the St Albans priory describe her private vow of chastity which she made when she was a young girl and which was so important for her so not to agree to marry Burhred. In order to encourage to read the “Life” apart from her biography there is a presentation of some customs and habits practiced during the ceremony of marriage in the middle ages, a history of Christina’s marriage, the declaration of nullity and the mystical marriage.

XX

Artykułprzedstawia informacje dotyczące Krystyny, eremitki i późniejszej przełożonej w Markyate, żyjącej w dwunastowiecznej Anglii. Praca ma na celu przybliżenie postaci świętej, jak dotąd mało znanej w Polce. Jej żywot spisany przez mnicha z St. Albans wspomina o prywatnych ślubach czystości, które Krystyna złożyła jeszcze jako kilkunastoletnia dziewczyna i które były dla niej na tyle wiążące, aby nie godzićsięna małżeństwo z narzuconym jej przez rodzinęBurhredem. W celu zachęcenia do lektury Żywotu, oprócz historii życia świętej zostały przedstawione niektóre zwyczaje i obyczaje związane z zawarciem małżeństwa w średniowieczu, historia małżeństwa Krystyny, oświadczenie jego nieważno-ści oraz małżeństwo mistyczne.

5

Francesco da Barberino e l’educazione delle ragazze in età di matrimonio

100%

Głusiuk A.

Saeculum Christianum. Pismo Historyczne

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2016

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vol. 1

93-102

EN

Francis from Barberino is an author of one of the few female etiquette texts composed in the Middle Ages. In this period, writers wrote some texts about dress etiquette but the most of them was dedicated to the male reader and there are only some text written for women. In his works, Barberino shows the dress etiquette appropriate for a girl at the age of marriage coming from a family of high social status. Thanks to his work, it is possible to see which virtues was appreciated, what was allowed and which behaviors was not accepted by the society of that time.

6

I doveri delle donne secondo l’insegnamento di alcuni predicatori francesi

100%

Głusiuk A.

Saeculum Christianum. Pismo Historyczne

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2017

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vol. XXIV

75-84

EN

The article presents the opinions of the 13th century preacher Gilbert of Tournai about the duties of girls, wives and widows. Gilbert seeing the great lack of women’s education addressed his sermons to them and indicated which behaviors were correct and which they should change or avoid. His sermons show how the women was seen, which was her position and role in the 13th century French society.

7

I rimedi per raffinare la bellezza del corpo secondo l’insegnamento di Trotula di Salerno

100%

Głusiuk A.

Saeculum Christianum. Pismo Historyczne

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2015

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vol. 22

23-35

EN

Trotula of Salerno lived in the eleventh century Italy and was one of the few women who received an excellent education. Trotula was an unusual woman who thanks to her talents became famous not only in Salerno, but also in whole Italy and outside of the country. Her name can be found in the different medieval writings as for example in the Canterbury Tales written by Geoffrey Chaucer. She was not only a doctor but also the author of the medical treaties. One of her works entitled De ornatu mulierum shows what kind of “cosmetics” the women of medieval Salerno used. Thanks of her writings it is known how the women took care of their bodies. She taught how removed the unwilling hair, that it was necessary to have a white, healthy teeth, smooth skin or long black or blonde hair.

8

Experimenti de la Excelentissima Signora Caterina da Furlji. Katarzyna Sforza i jej sposoby na podkreślenie urody

100%

Głusiuk A.

Saeculum Christianum. Pismo Historyczne

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2018

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vol. XXV

172-183

EN

In 1894, Pier Desiderio Pasolini published notes on the beauty of women written by Catherine Sforza. Unfortunately the original text written by Catherine disappeared in unknown circumstances but in 1522 Lucantonio Cuppano had seen the original and made one copy which was later consulted and published by Pasolini who gave it the tittle Experimenti de la Excelentissima Signora Caterina da Furlji. This writing - next to the work of Metrodora and Trotula of Salerno - is one of the oldest texts written by women, which is preserved for our time. This work shows that Catherine must have received an excellent education as she was interested in medicine, alchemy and property of herbs and minerals. The lecture on her recipes shows that she prepared her cosmetics for herself but she also sent them to others. Her recipes show her knowledge of the property of many herbs and minerals. Probably she thought about publishing her notes as we can find there some easy formulas (for beginners) where it was necessary only to add and mix the products. But there are also more complicated instructions where it was necessary to know, for example the process of distillation etc. Her writings show how in the 15th century women in Italy cared about their beauty and which herbs and minerals to use to make their cosmetics.

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8 Głusiuk A.

Come educare una figlia secondo Bernardino da Siena

La falsa santità – il caso di Sibilla di Marsal

Krystyna z Markyate – wprowadzenie do Żywotu

I due matrimoni di Cristina di Markyate

Francesco da Barberino e l’educazione delle ragazze in età di matrimonio

I doveri delle donne secondo l’insegnamento di alcuni predicatori francesi

I rimedi per raffinare la bellezza del corpo secondo l’insegnamento di Trotula di Salerno

Experimenti de la Excelentissima Signora Caterina da Furlji. Katarzyna Sforza i jej sposoby na podkreślenie urody