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ALTRUISM TOWARDS STRANGERS: AN EXPERIMENTAL TEST OF AN EVOLUTIONARY MODEL

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Bereczkei T., Birkas B., Kerekes Z.
Magyar Pszichologiai Szemle (Hungarian Psychological Review)
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2007
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vol. 62
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issue 4
449-473
EN
Everyday experience shows that humans are often altruistic towards unrelated individuals, even strangers in need in the absence of return. Evolutionary psychology has been coping with the problem of how indiscriminative altruism could have been selected for, that are obviously harmful to individual's survival and reproduction. Costly signal theory states that individuals who engage in altruistic acts serve their own interest by reliably demonstrating their qualities underlying the altruistic act that may be useful for the group mates in future social interactions, such as forming friendships, alliance, getting mates. Whereas this explanatory model has been supported by studies in hunter-gatherer communities, very few well-controlled empirical studies have been made in industrial societies. In the present study on behalf of a charity organization 186 students of 12 different seminary groups were asked to offer support to unfamiliar persons in need. In accordance with our predictions, the results show that significantly more subjects are willing to give assistance if they can make their charity offers in the presence of their group mates than in a situation when the offers are kept in secret. The likelihood of charity service was strongly influenced by the expected cost of altruistic behavior: more subjects offered costly assistance in groups in which they could make their offers in public than in the ones where they did not have a chance to do it publicly. Publicly demonstrated altruistic offer yields a long-term benefit: subjects who were willing to participate in a particular charity activity gained significantly higher reputation scores than the others. Costly acts of generosity signaled the altruist's trustworthiness, but did not signal another presumed personality trait of altruists: ability to organize. Contrary to one of our predictions, no difference between sexes was found in reputation-gaining strategy, which needs an explanation.
2

VALIDATION OF THE HUNGARIAN TRANSLATION OF FREIBURG QUESTIONNAIRE OF COPING WITH ILLNESS - SHORT VERSION (FQCI). RESULTS OF THE CONFIRMATORY FACTOR ANALYSIS

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Tiringer I., Simon A., Németh K., Bánki C., Molnár E., Szamosi E., Thaly E., Kerekes Z., Mangel L., Veress G.
Magyar Pszichologiai Szemle (Hungarian Psychological Review)
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2011
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vol. 66
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issue 4
631-667
EN
This paper describes the validation process of the Hungarian translation of the Freiburg Questionnaire of Coping With Illness–Short Version (FQCI), developed by Fritz Muthny. In spite of the fact that FQCI is a frequently used questionnaire, there are unambiguous data only about two of its scales validity and reliability. FQCI is a 35-item questionnaire, which assesses a wide range of coping forms with illness at levels of cognitions, emotions, and behavior. Responses from patients during residential cardiac rehabilitation (n=747) and one year later, and responses from patients with different malignant diseases (n=555) during residential treatment were the bases for confirmatory factor analyses of the original five-factor model, the model modified according to our results and the consistency of the latter model across our subsamples. Goals of our study were identification of the basic strategies in coping with illness, reexamination of the factor/scale structure, and if necessary, its revision. We examined the sameness of the factor structure in the different patient groups. Most of the original scales of the FQCI did not reach acceptable reliability in our sample. Our revised factor structure matches four out of the five original scales: ‘Depressive and resigned coping’; ‘Active and problem-focused coping’; ‘Self-affirmation and distraction’; ‘Searching for meaning and religious coping’. Fit indices of the revised factor structure approach good fit in our total sample, show good fit in patients after myocardial infarction, acceptable fit in cancer patients, and poor fit in patients after bypass surgery. Results of the multigroup factor analysis indicate an identical factor structure in the three patient groups. The revised scales ‘Depressive and resigned coping’ and ‘Active and problem-focused coping’ function acceptably in the case of cancer and cardiac patients. The scales ‘Self-affirmation and distraction’ and ‘Searching for meaning and religious coping’ can be used with restraint.
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