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PL
Artykuł prezentuje podstawowe założenia metodologiczne, które, zdaniem autora, powinny być respektowane w projekcie pisania historii męskości w Polsce. A zatem: 1) męskość jest socjokulturowym konstruktem, 2) istnieją różne jej warianty, 3) definiuje się także w relacji wobec kobiet, 4) ustanawia w kulturze matrycę normatywności, 5) jest postrzegana w różnych kulturach jako zadanie, 6) historia mężczyzn rekonstruowana na podstawie dzieł literackich jest historiograficzną narracją porządkującą tekstowe reprezentacje męskości. W drugiej części artykułu zostały wskazane najbardziej kluczowe procesy i zdarzenia, które zadecydowały o wczesnonowoczesnej historii męskości w Europie i Polsce: 1) kryzys formacji kulturowej chrześcijaństwa, 2) ekspansja kolonializmu, 3) rozwój miast i kultury miejskiej, 4) wojny cywilne i dynastyczne.
EN
The article presents the fundamental methodological assumptions which, according to the author, should be considered in a project of writing a history of masculinity in Poland. It follows that it: 1) is a socio-cultural construct, 2) shows many variants, 3) is definable also in relations to women, 4) sets a matrix of normativeness in culture, 5) is viewed in various cultures as a task, 6) when reconstructed on the basis of literary works, history of males is a narration which arranges the textual representations of masculinity. The second part of the paper indicates most crucial processes and situations decisive about early modern history of masculinity in Europe and in Poland, namely 1) a crisis of cultural formation of Christianity, 2) colonial expansion, 3) development of cities and urban culture, 4) civil and dynastic wars.
EN
Poetry of priests was one of the most striking phenomena of Polish literature during the twentieth century. But it is surprising that priests who wrote poetry avoid direct description of experience of the priesthood. It seems that poetry of Janusz St. Pasierb is good example of such hiding identity of priest. In this article problem priesthood in literary output of Pasierb has been examined in several contexts: autobiographical, sociological, psychological, historical, theological. In his essays Pasierb devotes much space to analyzing the situation of a priest in the modern world. However, in poetry he writes about the problem of loneliness of priest and his social exclusion. A priest is the “other” in social meaning. The reason for exclusion is ambivalence of identity: state of suspension between heaven and earth, the sacred and the profane, between what is divine and what is human. At the experience of the priest reveals a fear of split and dualistic identity and fear of incompleteness. The poet also draws attention to the experience of internal injury.
XX
Background. In general practice, dysfunctions within the locomotor system are a recurring health issue. Most frequently, diagnoses and treatments relate to pain syndromes of the backbone, the shoulder girdle or the pelvic girdle. The authors believe that physiotherapy, along with other clinical disciplines, should be regarded as an important factor which influences the effectiveness of the therapeutic process in this area. In primary care, treatment of musculoskeletal disorders – especially at the stage of early clinical symptoms – should incorporate basic physiotherapy methods, e.g., massage, physical procedures, kinesiotherapy and the underrated education of the patient. Restoring appropriate spatial arrangement of tissues provides the right conditions for the regeneration and repair of muscles, ligaments and tendons, although it is a process that requires a long time. Therefore, it can be very important to introduce self-therapy in the form of systematically repeated, easy-to-replicate procedures in the scope of self-massage and self-kinesiotherapy. Objectives. This paper presents the impact of physiotherapy in treating selected disorders and pain syndromes of the locomotor system with particular attention to the role of massage. Emphasis is placed on the meaning of self-massage in the process of restoring structural balance of tissues. The model of active inclusion of the patient in the treatment process as preparation for self-therapy is presented. This paper aims to justify the need to reorganize health services provided through general practicioners within the National Health Fund network by incorporating physiotherapy in primary care.
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