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Problem odpowiedzialności za nienależyte wykonanie obowiązku informacyjnego

100%
Dziedzic M.
Studia Prawnicze
|
2017
|
issue 4 (212)
93-122
PL
In European contract law and consumer law the nature of protection through information is based on imposing on business an obligation to make a declaration of knowledge to a consumer, which should enable them to make a rational decision. The implementation of efficient regulations regarding the liability for the improper fulfillment of information duties aims to maintain the level of trust between contracting parties on optimal level, and, as a result, to lead to balancing of their position respecting the freedom of contract principle. Polish model of consumer protection through information, in particular in the area of the liability for the improper fulfillment of information duties by business requires a lot of changes. In national law it is specially problematic, the lack of definition of general, legal consequences of failure to provide obligatory information, providing it in an incomplete, unclear way, but without the intention to mislead the other party.
2

Ochrona prawna zaufania przez informację przy świadczeniu usług finansowych

100%
Dziedzic M.
Studia Prawnicze
|
2015
|
issue 3 (203)
35-89
EN
Legal protection of trust in the area of financial services is a very important subject, which finds reflexion in contemporary law, both European as well as national one. Financial services constitute, as a matter of fact, products of trust, which means that the evaluation of their properties, the relation of the quality to the price, the risk resulting from concluding the contract become known to the non-professional buyer after concluding the contract. In such circumstances, the non-professional party is forced to act in trust to the information received from the financial institution, and failure to provide the buyer with the obligatory information or providing it in an non-transparent form may lead to appearance of disturbances in the efficient functioning of market mechanisms, on which the price of the service should reflect the information about its quality and risks connected with it. The article provides an insight into the area of trust and precontractual information duties as an institution addressed to protect parties’ trust one to another. The scope of the article covers the area of financial services, in particular credit and investments.
3

Legal nature of contract for the sale of real property in Spain

100%
Dziedzic M.
Studia Prawnicze
|
2010
|
issue 3-4(185-186)
147-189
EN
The present work is supposed to describe the legal nature of contract for the sale of property in Spain. The article refers mainly to the contracts for the sale of new apartments which are still under construction, or have only just been planned without any building works having been started yet, so – called ‘developing contracts’ in Polish. Contracts for the sale of real properties are of utmost importance in the economy of the country in many different regards. First, because of the legal complexities involved in this process, very often connected with signing the mortgage agreement at the same time. Second, from the economic point of view, since in most cases it is the most important financial decision in the life of the purchaser of the apartment. Third, just looking at this process from the human side, because apartment is the place where the buyer and his family spend most of their time. Taking all that into consideration, the Spanish law maker decided to regulate this matter in a very thorough way. There are many legal acts involved in regulating this process, like Spanish civil code, Act 1/2007 on protection of consumers, Act 515/1989 on the information duties in the contract for the sale of real property, Act 38/1999 on construction, and Act 57/1968 on advance payments. All of them create legal complexities of the contract for the sale of real properties, which as has been emphasized in the article is, as a rule, a contract for the sale of future thing in Spanish law. Generally, Spanish regulation concerning this type of contracts should be evaluated in a very positive way, since the consumer stands there in the first position and is protected against the abuses and malpractices coming from the developer not only by a number of regulations created by the law maker, but also by a rich body of rulings passed by judges in this area of law.
4
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Liability in Polish law for infringement of the pre-contractual obligation to inform

100%
Dziedzic M.
Studia Prawnicze
|
2018
|
issue 3 (215)
153-168
EN
In contemporary contract and consumer law, obligations to inform are an example of instruments (protective ones) which imposes on business entities a duty to make a statement of knowledge (a representation), the content of which is determined by regulations and the purpose of which is to aid the consumer in taking a well-informed, rational decision. Appropriate regulations referring to liability for failing to carry out this obligation to inform aim to maintain optimal trust between the contracting parties and, as a result, lead to a balance in the parties’ position, at the same time upholding the principle of the freedom of contract. In accordance with the fundamental assumption in European consumer law, one’s liability towards a consumer should meet the criteria of both efficiency and proportionality, which means that one should not strictly consider such liability purely formally, i.e., as maintaining an economic balance between the parties. The sanction the company shall incur is to serve the actual satisfaction of the interests of the consumer, and not only to make a profit. Additionally, the sanctions for neglecting the obligation to inform are expected to encourage companies to comply with them. Neglecting this obligation to inform in the pre-contractual phase may take the form of not providing information which is required and explicitly defined by law or providing incomplete information. A large amount of detail in determining a business’s responsibility is presumedto guarantee the consumer knowledge of his/her rights and to enable him/her to evaluate the risks resulting from entering into a particular transaction. One must not, however, ignore the fact that providing excessive, thus illegible, information must be treated equally to non-disclosure of such information, which may result in infringement of the aforementioned regulations. Neglecting the obligation to inform may also arise in such a case where the consumer is not provided with a particular piece of information, despite the lack of a definite legal basis in this regard – such as a detailed regulation contained in an act – but such a duty would result from a general loyalty duty between the contracting parties. In the beginning, it should be noted that the liability for an infringement of the pre-contractual obligation to inform is characterised by system heterogeneity. In particular, it refers to the distinct consumer protection regime. It is very often the case that depending on the contractor’s status (professional or nonprofessional) the legal consequences of failing to inform or improperly informing are framed in different ways. One must bear in mind the difference between solely the failure to inform or to improperly carry out the pre-contractual obligation to inform (pursued within pre-contractual liability, fundamentally according to an ex delicto regime) and the consequences arising from the content of the delivered information, i.e., the guarantee of definite elements in the legal relationship of an obligatory nature (assigned to the classic liability in an ex contractu regime). The subject of civil liability for the infringement of duties to inform can be analysed from two perspectives: firstly, from an economic point of view, i.e., whether for the aggrieved party and for the market at large it would be more favourable for the infringement of the duty to inform to be pursued within an ex contractu or ex delicto regime, and secondly, from the perspective of the theory of law, whether for the system of contract law it would be better for this liability to be pursued within an ex contractu or ex delicto regime. In response to the second question, the position of academics is that the liability for the violation of trust due to failing to properly inform the consumer should be pursued in an ex delicto system in order to maintain the internal cohesion of contract law.
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