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RU
В течение многих лет турецкая внешняя политика основывается на концепции стратегической глубины, сформулированной Ахметом Давутоглу. Сегодня эта концепция остается основой турецкой политики мягкой силы, адресованной многим странам, в том числе и Боснии и Герцеговине. Основными источниками внешней политики являются традиционный исторический опыт Османской империи и исламская культура. В данной статье анализируется турецкая дипломатия мягкой силы в Боснии и Герцеговине, где в настоящее время Турция фокусируется на Оттоманском прошлости, а также на событиях 1990-х годов: гражданской войне и геноциде. Таким образом, Анкара получает поддержку только боснийско-мусульманской общественности. Главный вопрос заключается в том, почему Турция так ведет внешнюю политику? И какое влияние это имеет на современные боснийские этнические отношения?
EN
Turkish foreign policy for many years has been based on the concept of strategic depth formulated by Ahmet Davutoğlu. Nowadays, the concept remains a base of Turkish softpower diplomacy addressed to many countries, including Bosnia and Herzegovina. The main sources of the foreign policy are the traditional historical experiences of the Ottoman empire and islamic culture. This article analyzes the Turkish softpower diplomacy in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Nowadays, Turkey is focusing on the Ottoman past, as well as on the events of the 1990s: the civil war and genocide. By This way Ankara is gaining just Bosnian-muslim community support. The main question is why Turkey is leading the foreign policy in such a way? And what impact does this have on Bosnian contemporary ethnic relations?
EN
Gender equality is one of the categorical imperatives of universal human rights. However, today, in many national contexts, women’s rights and needs are not respected. The war in Bosnia and Herzegovina has shown the world how thin the line is between coexistence and hate, and what is more, it has shown how easy it is to use a woman’s body in political and war games and then forget about their sacrifice.The article is focused on the long-term effects of wartime sexual violence. Based on a quantitative and qualitative analysis of field research, the author wants to show how Bosniak women constantly suffer from sexual violence despite the end of the conflict.
RU
Цель данной статьи – показать процесс институционализации памяти о прошлом, который способствует как созданию исторических нарративов, так и проявлению национальной идентичности. На основе анализа сараевских музеев, посвященных войне 1992–1995 годов в Боснии и Герцеговине, автор попытается показать, как современные учреждения стали носителями коллективной памяти и инкубаторами национальной идентичности боснийцев, то есть боснийских мусульман.
EN
This article explores the relationships between memory politics and museums. It shows the institutionalisation of the past, which supports both the creation of historical narratives and the visibility of national identity. Analysing the Sarajevo museums dedicated to the 1992–1995 war in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the author shows how contemporary institutions have become carriers of collective memory and incubators of the national identity of Bosnian Muslims.
EN
In this article, the author set out to analyze the war narratives of the Bosniak second generation – the generation that de facto did not experience the war, and base their stories on the experiences of their loved ones. The author shows how family narratives about the war affect the contemporary lives of those born after the war, and most importantly, how they affect contemporary ethnic relations in Bosnia.
PL
This paper discusses the financial crisis of 2007–2009, which has been called the  worst financial crisis since the Great Depression by leading economists and has  contributed to the failure of key businesses, declines in consumer wealth estimated  at trillions of U.S. dollars, substantial financial burdens incurred by governments  and a significant decline in economic activity. Experts have proposed many  causes of this crisis, but both macro- and microeconomic circumstances need to  be enumerated. The immediate cause or “trigger” of the crisis was the bursting  of the United States housing bubble. The crisis rapidly developed and spread into  a global economic shock, resulting in a number of European bank failures, declines  in various stock indexes and large reductions in the market value of equities and  commodities. Moreover, the de-leveraging of financial institutions, resulting in  asset sales to pay back obligations that could not be refinanced in frozen credit  markets, further accelerated the liquidity crisis and caused a decrease in international  trade. World political leaders, national ministers of finance and central  bank directors coordinated their eff orts to reduce fears, but the crisis continued,  leading many emergent economies to seek aid from the IMF. During September  2008, the crisis hit its most critical stage. There was the equivalent of a bank run  on money market mutual funds, which frequently invest in commercial paper  issued by corporations to fund their operations and payrolls. The financial crisis,  which has spread across all global markets, has not been without impact on  Poland, but our economic foundations are rather stable. A large part of Poland’s  comparatively positive outcome is the fact that Polish banks have never dealt in  all the sophisticated instruments used by U.S. financial institutions. As indicators  showed, Poland wrote down a highest economic growth in EU.  
EN
The aim of the study was to analyze the stability of the financial system to answer the question if this stability has characteristics of the public good. If the answer is positive it determines the specific role of the state in the field of financial system stability. The paper presents also a theoretical aspects of the possibility to qualify the financial system to the category of public goods. The authors conclude that if the stability of the financial system is not in the strict sense the public good (or at least the common good) it should consider the scope and degree of responsibility of the state and its institutions for action aimed at stabilizing financial stability. The arguments presented in the paper demonstrate, however, in favor of the recognition of the stability as a public good. It is therefore a mandate for public sector interventions and interference in such a way as to minimize the risk of destabilization.
PL
Kryzys, z którym od kilku lat mamy do czynienia na globalnym rynku finan-sowym, wymaga podjęcia coraz to bardziej radykalnych działań, które służyć mają przywróceniu długoterminowej i wieloaspektowej stabilności w sektorze bankowym. Skala obecnego kryzysu w obszarze działalności banków i jego skutki osiągnęły takie rozmiary, że działania stabilizacyjne powinny być reali-zowane zarówno na poziomie globalnym, kontynentalnym, jak i krajowym. W publikacji zaprezentowano przegląd najważniejszych działań stabilizacyjnych, jakie zostały podjęte w sektorze bankowym na terenie Unii Europejskiej w od-powiedzi na wyzwania i zagrożenia wynikające ze skutków obecnego kryzysu. Omówione zostały zagadnienia związane z tworzeniem i organizacją unii ban-kowej, nadzoru makroostrożnosciowego oraz kontrolowanej upadłości banków. Szczególna rola w tworzeniu nowej architektury z zakresu utrzymania stabilności finansowej w Europie przypada instytucjom sieci bezpieczeństwa finansowego w krajach członkowskich UE, jak i władzom unijnym.
PL
The paper concentrates on changes in the public finance sector in recent years: a topic of great importance from the viewpoint of maintaining stability of finan‑ cial system and from both national and EU perspective. The effects of the current financial crisis have stressed the need for action to reduce the growing deficit and public debt. Debt crisis shows that it is necessary to conduct an effective fiscal con‑ solidation to put and maintain economies of many countries on a path of sustain‑ able growth. The paper begins with a brief presentation of theory. In the following part, the paper discusses structural and cyclical causes of the rising debt. Changes in the legal environment, including key issues, were also discussed. Fiscal rules, fiscal councils and the fiscal pact were therefore analyzed in detail. The authors furthermore pay attention to certain limitations and weaknesses of fiscal policy, stressing the necessity to look at the economy from a broader perspective and to use other tools and instruments of state policy. The study includes recent data on GDP, the budget deficit, public debt and expenditure and revenue in the EU.
PL
This article attempts to systematize the institutional and operational conditions of stability and security of the banking system. The intention of the authors is to analyse some factors strongly affecting the functions and principles of two members of modern banking systems - the central bank and commercial banks. The authors start the analyses by defining stability and security of the banking system. Then point out to the role of the various segments of the financial safety net in providing conditions for stable and secure system, and determine the necessary requirements of the stabilization as demanded from the banking institutions management system. In conclusion, they define the set of requirements (institutional and operational) necessary for achieving the stability and security of the banking system
PL
Communication policy of central banks in the framework of direct inflation targeting strategy and related strategies is important. Its tools include forward guidance as a method of influencing the expectations of market participants. Although forward guidance was used before the outbreak of the financial crisis, it was not popular. After 2008, under conditions of zero interest rate, monetary authorities have begun After 2008, under conditions of zero interest rate, monetary authorities have begun to use the forward guidance as an unconventional and effective instrument allowing monetary policy to have impact on market interest rates. However, the riskswhen using forward guidance include the possibility of misinterpretation of the conditional nature of the declaration of the monetary authorities.
PL
Although important changes were introduced to the financial system after the recent financial crisis, there still is room for improvement in terms of stability and safety. The aim of the article is to describe those improvements, particularly in operations of central and commercial banks, and their influence on sustainable growth. The text lists systematic conditions of stability and safety of banking system and points out to the importance of trust in financial institutions, systematic risk, macroprudential policy and the need to coordinate macroprudential, microprudential and monetary policies
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