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EN
The article is dedicated to an analysis of the control system of one of the instruments used by the state during the implementation of the programmes co-financed from the EU financial instruments. Their basic advantage is that they generate a lower risk of swindling as beneficiaries have to return the funds they have received. Beneficiaries have to provide repayment security for such instruments, e.g. bills of exchange or collaterals, and in the case of non-repayment beneficiaries can be subject to standard debt recovery proceedings. At the same time, these instruments are less advantageous to the beneficiaries than, e.g. non-returnable subsidies, since they need to return the funds invested. However, overregulation related to this kind of support and the need to return them may make beneficiaries reluctant to use them. That is why the specifics of financial instruments should be take into account when the frequency and scope of beneficiaries’ audits are set.
XX
The article describes the issue of the ban on judgements to the disadvantage of the claimant during the proceedings related to reservations about the post-audit statement (reformationis in peius). Once the arguments presented by the parties in the dispute have been analysed, two opposing views can be identified. According to the first view, the ban should be respected during the adjudicating committee proceedings, because the ban on judging to the disadvantage of the claimant is the basis for all fair proceedings. Whereas in accordance with the opposing view, the ban on reformationis in peius should not be applied in proceedings related to reservations, as it is not openly set forth in the Act on the Supreme Audit Office, and its application may lead to distorted audit results.
EN
One of the features of the European Union’s funds redistribution, based on multiannual financial perspectives, is modification of legal and organisational frameworks related to the principles for transferring support to beneficiaries at the turn of subsequent perspectives. This may result in delays in funds distribution. Currently, this is the case of funds designated for enterprise development which is the focus of the article. The basic provisions that regulate transfer of money at the EU level were published only a few days before the new financial perspective started. While the basic provisions at the national level came into force after several months since the beginning of the eligibility period. Consequently, executory provisions and individual programmes are being developed only now.
PL
Przedmiotem artykułu jest problematyka wyodrębnienia z ogółu gospodarki mikro, małych i średnich przedsiębiorstw (MŚP), które z uwagi na swoje nieduże rozmiary napotykają na bariery rynkowe utrudniające im rozwój. Podstawowym narzędziem prawnym w tym zakresie jest definicja sektora MŚP określona na poziomie przepisów UE. Celem prowadzonej analizy jest poszukiwanie zalet i wad obecnej definicji oraz odniesienie się do poszczególnych pomysłów jej modyfikacji, z uwzględnieniem linii orzeczniczej organów Unii Europejskiej. Zasadnicza hipoteza badawcza brzmi: z uwagi na znaczenie definicji MŚP dla gospodarki UE, zmiany jakie powinny zostać dokonane w analizowanej definicji, muszą uwzględniać zarówno obecne uwarunkowania gospodarcze, jak i dotychczasowe doświadczenia organów stosujących tę definicję, jednak zasadniczym punktem odniesienia przy konstruowaniu zmian jest cel, dla którego przedsiębiorstwa te zostały wyodrębnione. Celem tym jest wsparcie podmiotów, takiej pomocy de facto potrzebujących. Podstawową metodą badawczą, zastosowaną w artykule jest metoda dogmatyczno-prawna. Jej przedmiotem była analiza treści aktów normatywnych, orzecznictwa organów UE, a także branżowych raportów i analiz z zakresu sektora MŚP.
XX
The subject of the article is the issue of separating micro, small and medium enterprises (SME) from the general economy which due to their small size encounter market barriers hindering their development. The basic legal instruments in this matter is the definition of the SME sector at the level of the EU regulations. The purpose of the analysis is to look for advantages and disadvantages of the existing definition, as well as to refer to the selected ideas of its modification, considering European Union case law. The main research hypothesis is: regarding the importance of SME’s definition for the EU economy, the changes that must be made in the analysed concept must take into account the existing economic conditions as well as the previously available use of the same definition by the institutions. However, it is equally important to identify the purpose for which the SMEs were separated under a specific definition. The purpose of this separation was to provide support for such SMEs, which they de facto need. The basic research method used in the article is the dogmatic and legal method. Its subject was the analysis of the content of normative acts, the EU case law, as well as reports and analyses in the field of the SME sector.
PL
Celem opracowania jest ocena wspierania spółdzielczości w Polsce w kontekście problemów finansowania ich działalności. Główną uwagę poświęcono spółdzielczości wiejskiej. W jej przypadku zasygnalizowano brak szczególnej formy wsparcia zarówno ze środków krajowych, jak i środków Unii Europejskiej. Spółdzielnie napotykają na różne ograniczenia ich działania. Jednym z nich jest problem finansowania działalności inwestycyjnej, w szczególności finansowania nieruchomości. Wynika to m.in. z rozszerzania przez organy wdrażające projekty unijne ograniczeń finasowania gruntów na wszystkie kategorie nieruchomości. Aby zapobiec takiej rozszerzającej interpretacji, powinna zostać wprowadzona węższa interpretacja w powszechnie obowiązującym akcie prawa, np. w Ustawie o zasadach realizacji programów w zakresie polityki spójności finansowanych w perspektywie finansowej 2014-2020.
EN
The aim of the paper is to assess the support for the cooperative enterprises in the context of the problems in financing their activity. The special attention was paid to rural cooperatives. In their case, the lack of the special forms of domestic or UE’s support was indicated. Cooperatives face different barriers in their activity. The financing of investment, especially investment in real estates, is one of them. It stems from the application by implementing bodies restrictions in real estate financing to all kinds of real estate. To prevent such broad interpretation, the narrow interpretation in the form of a new law should be introduced. It would make easier to get financing for many investment carried by rural cooperatives.
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