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Soziativa im Deutschen und Polnischen

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DE
The author describes and then compares the existing means of expressing sociativeness in German and Polish, formative (e.g. nouns in Ge-, nouns and verbs in mit- and ko/n/- in German, expressions with wspól- in Polisb), as well as lexical and syntactic (e.g. nouns of the type Gefährte, Geselle, Genosse, phrases of the kind zu zweit, zu zweien in German nouns of the type towarzysz, kolega and phrases of the kind we dwoje, we dwójkę in Polish). The author discusses in more detail the so called sociative of the kind of German selbander, selbdritt, Polisb samowtór, samotrzeć (cf. English the two of you/ us/ them), and especially their occurrence in the old legal parlance.
2
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PL
Postęp i tradycja w językoznawstwie
DE
The author takes a relativistic stand on the progress in recent linguistic research, starting from the positivistic school of Neogrammarians. As evaluation criteria methodological aspects have been applied, such as immanence and autonomy, reference to diachrony and tradition, modernization of formal and technical instrumentarium, finally some ethic tenets. As unquestionable elements of progress the author recognizes: 1st the opening for new interdisciplinary fields of research, 2nd the overcoming of the scientistic separation of the research object and the research subject (the speaker-hearer himself).
DE
The subject of the article are verbal predicates of a type "odnieść zwycięstwo" (to gain a victory) and "ponieść klęskę" (to meet with a repulse) in German and Polish. The semantic relation occurring in the similar syntagms from the point of view of profit or usability includes the noun phrases, appropriately marked and characterized and secondarily the verb of which it is an argument. This relation from the point of view of syntax also includes the so called casus commodi and incommodi of the experiencer. In addition this relation takes places with verbs of a modal kind e.g. "życzyć", "wünschen" (to wish) and "hoffen", "mieć nadzieję" (to hope).
5
100%
DE
The author establishes all kinds of segment units on the plane of constituents (infrastructure, size level) and representation (infrastructure) which are compatible with the taxonomic model of language and grammar as that of German. On the latter plane there occurs a differentiation of system units ("emic" according to Pike) and their variants (units of an allo or "etic" type) and the author pays particular attention to the proper identification of free (facultative) variants. The author keeps himself away from establishing variants resulting not from the representation of immediate constituents of units, but from the projection of indirect constituents. The notion of variation is finally extended onto the language as a whole, including in to it considerations on the subject of so called diacodes and language varieties.
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