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Prézentní časování sloves vzorů »kryje« a »kupuje« ve spisovné češtině: variantnost, nebo unifikace?

100%
Sojka P.
Bohemistyka
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2021
|
issue 1
27-46
EN
The morphological variation in the present-tense conjugation of the kryje and kupuje conjugation types (3rd verb class) as a result of gradual vowel shifts has been in progress since the 15th century. The gradual back shift towards the endings -u and -ou used to be explained as a result of paradigm levelling within the conjugation types of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd verb class. In 1993, these endings were codified alongside with the endings -i and -í. However, this codification act hasn’t met with general approval, because the incidence of the endings -u and -ou in standard language is not equal: while the ending -u has been standardizing, the ending -ou has still retained its markedness or can be even regarded as colloquial, in particular in written standard language. In this paper, we aim to answer the question how the endings -u and -ou are applied in present-day TV journalism, namely in the Interview ČT24 show.
CS
Tvarová konkurence v prézentním časování sloves vzorů kryje a kupuje jako výsledek hláskových změn (v 1sg kryji/kupuji vs. kryju/kupuju; ve 3pl kryjí/kupují vs. kryjou/kupujou) existuje v češtině již od 15. století. Progrese koncovek -u a -ou se tradičně vysvětlovala jako projev tvarového vyrovnávání uvnitř 1.–3. slovesné třídy. V roce 1993 byly proto u vzorů kryje a kupuje koncovky -u a -ou přijaty do kodifikace spisovného jazyka. Toto rozhodnutí se však nesetkalo s všeobecným souhlasem, neboť pozice obou koncovek ve spisovných textech není stejná: zatímco koncovka -u se postupně neutralizuje, koncovka -ou si stále zachovává značný stupeň příznakovosti, či dokonce nespisovnosti (zejména v psaných textech). V tomto příspěvku si klademe otázku, jak se tato tvarová konkurence projevuje v dnešní televizní publicistice, konkrétně v diskusním pořadu Interview ČT24.
2
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Několik poznámek k ne/formálnosti jazykové komunikace v češtině

84%
Lollok M.
Bohemistyka
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2018
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issue 1
9-18
EN
This article deals with the issue of so-called formality and informality in language communication in Czech; the aim is to clarify this frequent but not unambiguous concept. We comment some basic aspects of this concept, e. g. the connection with the pragmatic aspects of communication as well as with language and extra-lingual standards and other stylistic dichotomies. Part of the text follows up the current trend of deflection from formality (as well as from standard Czech) in situations previously or so far fundamentally formal; in more detail we describe this trend in media communication.
CS
Text se zabývá problematikou tzv. formálnosti a neformálnosti v jazykové komunikaci v češtině; cílem je objasnit tento v lingvistice frekventovaný, avšak nikoli jednoznačný koncept. Jsou představeny jeho základní aspekty, např. souvislost s pragmatickou stránkou komunikace, jazykovými a mimojazykovými normami, resp. některými stylovými dichotomiemi. Část textu je věnována i trendu odklánění se od formálnosti (a také od spisovnosti) v situacích dříve či doposud zásadně formálních; poněkud podrobněji popisujeme tento trend v oblasti komunikace mediální.
3
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Kodifikovaná plurálová shoda neuter v nominativu a akuzativu: mizející realita?

84%
Sojka P.
Bohemistyka
|
2018
|
issue 3
205-218
EN
It can hardly be argued that – for historical reasons – the neuter plural agreement has been one of the weak points of the Standard Czech morphology at least since the 1800s. At least since the early 1980s the only codified form (ta velká města zanikla) has been regarded by many speakers and even by many bohemists as too „bookish” whereas the Colloquial Czech form used in informal style in Bohemia (ty velký města zanikly) has still retained a high degree of colloquiality and the Moravian form (ty velké města zanikly) doesn’t meet with general acceptance in Bohemia (according to sociolinguistic research). This paper aims to answer the question to what extent the codified form of neuter plural agreement is applied in present-day TV interviews. The examined specimen contains 200 recordings of the Interview ČT24 show. The 200 interviewees are celebrities from political and social walks of life.
CS
Z historických příčin je plurálová shoda neuter bezesporu jedním ze slabých míst spisovného českého tvarosloví, a to nejméně od počátku 19. století. Přinejmenším od 80. let 20. století je jediná kodifikovaná varianta (ta velká města zanikla) považována mnohými uživateli jazyka, ale i některými bohemisty za vypjatě knižní. Obecněčeská podoba Ty velký města zanikly si však stále zachovala nespisovný charakter a ani moravská podoba Ty velké města zanikly není přijímána jednoznačně kladně (zejména mluvčími z Čech). Tento příspěvek se snaží odpovědět na otázku, jak silnou pozici mají kodifikované varianty v současných televizních interview. Zjištění vycházejí z analýzy 200 vysílání publicistického pořadu Interview ČT24, jehož hosty jsou osobnosti z politické sféry, jakož i z dalších společenských oblastí.
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Poznámky k poznámkám : Usage notes v českém lexikografickém prostředí

84%
Šemelík M., Škrabal M.
Naše řeč (Our Speech)
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2019
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vol. 102
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issue 1-2
25-35
EN
In Czech dictionaries, usage notes (UN) are not a completely unknown lexicographic asset; nevertheless, most Czech academic dictionaries seem to neglect them. This fact is symptomatic of the mainstream approach to lexicography as a strictly linguistic discipline that views the dictionary as being an artefact of linguistic analysis rather than a tool used for solving language problems. Within the lexicographic process, the target users and their needs – or dictionary functions – play an important role. Against the background of an analysis of the present practice in selected dictionaries, we attempt some concrete design proposals for the UN in an emerging Czech academic dictionary. In this respect, different questions arise, for instance: Which concrete phenomena should be addressed in the UN? Which type of UN do dictionary users expect?
5
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Laická jazykověda

84%
Saicová Římalová L.
Časopis pro moderní filologii (Journal for Modern Philology)
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2020
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vol. 102
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issue 1
24-35
EN
So-called folk linguistics, i.e. folk beliefs concerning language, may be a valuable source of information for various linguistic fields and for practical applications, e.g. in teaching practice. The author presents an analysis of folk linguistics as it can be reconstructed from Internet discussions by Czechspeaking women (especially mothers). The results show that the folk theory of language and its use is quite complex, with multiple connections to a scientific theory of language (probably acquired through school education) and with important evaluative features (including e.g. folk theories of correctness and errors). The author proposes a new Czech term (laická jazykověda) and suggests that the theory should be seen as dynamic (e.g. changing over time and during speakers’ lives) and structured (e.g. consisting of a centre and peripheries and containing several “layers” of shared sub-theories).
6
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The verb in a Czech sentence: How do foreign learners of the Czech language perceive the structure of a Czech sentence?

67%
Koudelíková T.
Bohemistyka
|
2023
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issue 1
90-108
EN
The aim of this paper is to illustrate through two sentences how foreign learners perceive the structure of the Czech language. Respondents were asked to write answers on how the language works, what the syntactic relations of the sentence members are, and why the chosen words have their concrete forms with respect to the whole clause. The survey collected answers of a wide range of respondents with respect to both the number of years of studying the Czech language and their native language. After a brief introduction to the Czech language focusing mainly on the syntactic and morphological properties that were at the center of attention in this survey, the chosen survey questions are analyzed. It turned out that learners of the Czech language were willing to participate in this survey; in total the respondents provided answers in 95.7 % of cases, which helped to get more exact results. It emerged that respondents of the survey fully answered the questions correctly in 52.7 % of cases. The remaining 47.3 % of responses were either wrong or incomplete depending on the form of the question. The results of this survey lead us to the conclusion that it might be worth focusing more on the system of morphology and syntax while teaching Czech for foreigners. The complete list of answers with respect to the number of years of studying the Czech language is attached in the appendix.
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Měšek nebo Dago, Dobrava nebo Doubravka – jména prvního polského vladce a jeho české manželky

67%
Balowski M.
Bohemistyka
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2019
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issue 2
181-193
EN
The author analyzes the names Mieszko and Dąbrówka / Doubravka in Polish and Czech historical sources. He also refers to contemporary linguistic research, which questions the existence of the name Mieczysław in the tenth century, and also the name Dąbrówka as the Polish form of the Czech name Doubravka. While the second one is certified in Czech texts and was used in the 10th century at the Czech court, the first is known only from the records of the first Polish chronicles. It is not confirmed by any earlier Latin or German chronicles or other documents from that period.
CS
Autor analyzuje jména Mieszko a Dąbrówka/Doubravka v polských a českých historických pramenech. Odkazuje také na současné lingvistické studie, které zpochybňují existenci jména Mieczysław v desátém století a také jména Dąbrówka jako polské podoby českého jména Doubravka. Zatímco druhé je uváděno v českých textech a bylo použito v 10. století u českého knížecího dvora, první je známo pouze z prvních polských kronik. Není potvrzeno staršími latinskými nebo německými kronikami nebo jinými dokumenty z tohoto období.
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Percepce výslovnostních chyb učiteli českého jazyka

67%
Vlčková-Mejvaldová J., Štěpáník S.
Bohemistyka
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2019
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issue 2
239-268
EN
Pronunciation is one of the basic characteristics of one’s speech culture. L1 teaching should lead to the development of speaking skills, whose part is also mastering the orthoepic norm. One of the preconditions of that is the teachers’ subject matter knowledge, their own practically mastery of Czech orthoepy. The paper brings the results of a study conducted with a sample of 148 teachers from Czech primary and lower- and upper-secondary schools which researched the teachers’ ability to detect pronunciation errors in a segment of continuous speech. The results indicate that the awareness of the orthoepic norm among Czech language teachers is rather insufficient, and that there is quite strong correlation between the teachers’ knowledge of the orthoepic norm and the pronunciation errors their pupils make.
CS
Dobrá výslovnost je jedním ze základních rysů řečové kultivovanosti mluvčího. Vyučování mateřskému jazyku by mělo vést k rozvoji řečových dovedností, jejichž součástí je zvládnutí ortoepické normy. Jednou z podmínek tohoto procesu je sama učitelova znalost a praktické ovládání české ortoepie. Článek přináší výsledky studie, jíž se zúčastnilo 148 učitelů na 1., 2. a 3. vzdělávacím stupni. Studie zjišťovala schopnost učitelů detekovat výslovnostní chyby v souvislé promluvě. Výsledky naznačují, že povědomí o české ortoepické normě je mezi učiteli spíše nedostačující a že může existovat souvislost mezi učitelovou znalostí ortoepické normy a kvalitou mluveného projevu žáka.
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"Jméno to působilo na mne odjakživa zvláštním kouzlem" - metajazykový pohled na propria v publicistice čtyř českých spisovatelů

67%
Reclik A.
Acta onomastica
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2023
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vol. 64
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issue 2
372-387
EN
The study focuses on the use of proper names in the articles of four Czech writers: Jan Neruda (1834–1891), Svatopluk Čech (1846–1908), Karel Čapek (1890–1938), and Karel Poláček (1892–1945), who reflected not only Czech culture and society, but also the Czech language. Given their avid interest in linguistics, the aim of this paper is to analyze the authors’ linguistic takes on proper names as reflected in their art journalism (essays, feuilletons, and columns). The present analysis focuses on their opinions of, for instance, naming of public spaces, personal names (and whether they use them stereotypically), misuse of proper names in politics, and naming in advertising. Their attitudes towards the naming strategy (seen as a linguistic strategy) are always examined in the context of the dominating linguistic views of the given period (the views on the language norms in particular), from approximately the 1850s until the 1930s. This approach, combined with a literary-cultural one, allows us to cover the issue comprehensively. The study is based on the chapter of the forthcoming dissertation Language and linguistic issues and their reflection in the works of selected Czech writers.
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