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EN
In the initial phase of World War I, the vicinity of Łódź became the scene of bloody battles between the German and Russian troops in November and December 1914, which are referred to as the “Łódź Operation”. The remnants of these bloody events are the war cemeteries with the graves of soldiers from both armies, which were built by the German authorities during World War I, and separate groups of graves located within other cemeteries or outside cemeteries. To this day, 176 cemeteries and graves from that time have survived in the Łódź Province. During the PRL (Polish People Republic) period, these graves and the cemetery deteriorated and fell into oblivion. The situation has changed in the 1990s, when a renovation and popularization activity was initiated to recall the “Łódź Operation”. Historic graves and cemeteries have been taken care of and have become an important element of educational programs as well as a tourist attraction. As part of the tourist and historical projects, routes leading to the traces of the First World War and the most interesting cemeteries were developed.
PL
Okolice Łodzi stały się w początkowej fazie I wojny światowej terenem krwawych walk toczonych w listopadzie i grudniu 1914 roku między wojskami niemieckimi i rosyjskimi, które określa się mianem Operacji łódzkiej. Pozostałością tych krwawych wydarzeń są cmentarze wojenne z mogiłami żołnierzy obu armii, które zostały wybudowane przez władze niemieckie w czasie I wojny światowej, oraz osobne grupy grobów znajdujące się w obrębie innych cmentarzy lub znajdujące się poza cmentarzami. Do dzisiaj na terenie województwa łódzkiego zachowało się 176 cmentarzy i mogił z tego czasu. W okresie PRL groby te i cmentarze niszczały i popadały w zapomnienie. Sytuacja zmieniła się w latach 90. XX wieku, gdy zainicjowane zostały działania renowacyjne i popularyzatorskie mające na celu przypomnienie Operacji łódzkiej. Zabytkowe groby i cmentarze otoczono opieką i stały się one ważnym elementem programów edukacyjnych, a także atrakcją turystyczną. W ramach projektów turystyczno-historycznych opracowano szlaki prowadzące śladami działań I wojny światowej i najciekawszych cmentarzy.
EN
This article has been written in order to remember and tell us about the forgotten history from the First World War related to the city of Łódź, which is often referred to as the Battle of Łódź. Let us remember that Poles who were killed were fighting in opposing armies in foreign uniforms. They contributed to the fact that Poland gained her independence. Traces of Polish surnames can be seen in many graveyards from the period of Łódź Operation. It is important what this battle is called. The battles which took place around Łódź in autumn and winter 1914 are often called: the battle of Łódź, the battle for Łódź, Łódź Slaughter or Łódź Operation. Those names are written with capital or small letters, in inverted commas or not, sometimes written in italics. However the name Łódź Operation seems to be the most correct one, as it consisted of many battles and skirmishes, there were army transfers, attacks and defensive fights. Historians unanimously say that it was the biggest maneuver operation of the Eastern Front in the First World War. Łódź, a city abandoned by Russian authorities, faced all the consequences of war actions which then took place. The city survived the war time and equally difficult period of German occupation and on 11 November 1918 witnessed proudly the appearance of white and red flags.
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