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EN
The liturgical monody, and especially the Greek-Byzantine singing, is a traditional form of singing of the Orthodox Church over the centuries. It was developing along with the liturgy, responding to the needs and requirements of particular epochs. In the middle of the second millennium, by dint of the contacts with Western culture, polyphony started to appear in East Slavic services. It then became the dominant stream of liturgical singing, coexisting with monody for a long period of time. Over time, monodic forms of liturgical singing begin to be marginal, which causes problems in their reception by the faithful. There has been a clear shift towards ancient, monodic music. It causes an increase of the interest in monody. The perception of monody requires an understanding of its character, history, function and context of performing during the services. There is also noticeable interest in liturgical single-voice singing in the Polish Orthodox Church, located on the borderline of influencing of East and West. The vernacular manuscripts clearly indicate the rich monodic legacy of our lands. Attempts to revive this kind of singing are a long and difficult process. However, it is worth supporting the liturgical monody due to its high spiritual values.
EN
The article addresses the issue if legal requirements regulating liturgical music and singing. There is no mention of it in The Code of Canon Law of 1983. However, the last one hundred and fifty years were characterised in this respect by two great reforms. The first one of 1903 was conducted by Pope Pius X, and the second one was done by means of the Second Vatican Council. The main subject of the first reform was the recovery of the „purity” of music in response to numerous instances of abuse which polluted liturgical music. The second reform was aimed at active and conscious participation of the faithful during a liturgical assembly. This paper presents the most important documents regarding this subject after the Second Vatican Council, including the Constitution of the Sacred Liturgy (Sacrosanctum concilium), Musicam sacram instruction and – with regard to the Polish background – Polish Episcopate instruction of 8 February 1979 on liturgical music.
ELPIS
|
2013
|
vol. 15
139-146
EN
The article raises the issues of the first attempts of the Orthodox church music reforms in Ruthenia, which were undertaken between 1652-1670 on the orders of tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. The author starts with the detailed description of key liturgical problems of the Orthodox Church in Moscovia at that time. The second part of this article constitutes the analysisof the I and II Commission’s activities as well as evaluation of Alexander Miezieniec ‘work – one of the Commission coordinators. There are also described problems which reformers came across, e.g. the absence of uniform comparative material such as liturgical books with musical notation.
EN
New evangelisation has recently become a great challenge in the life of the Church. This pheno-menon has led to the creation of new spaces and contexts in which the Gospel is now proclaimed. Among them are stadia, gymnasia, assembly halls, and other similar venues. In following this path, the place of the liturgy and its organization in such spaces also needs to be discussed. Of course canon law allows celebration outside a place of worship, but at the same time makes it clear that it is necessary to take great care to maintain the sacrum. The author analyses Church documents which indicate the need for correct and appropriate preparation of celebration sites elsewhere than on consecrated premises. In this context the documents Actio pastoralis, Redemptionis sacramentum, and Eucharisticum mysterium, as well as the introductions to liturgical books, are becoming important.
IT
Ultimi tempi della vita della Chiesa creano nuove sfide che bisogna affrontare e le-ggere nella chiave della fede. La nuova evangelizzazione è una di quelli segni del nostro tempo che i pastori ed anche il popolo di Dio devono capire bene. Nel contesto di questa occorre anche vedere la nuova situazione liturgica. Oggi tante volte la celebrazione eucaristica si svolge nei nuovi contesti, che chiamiamo – contesti di nuova evangelizzazione: la palestra, lo stadio, le aule delle scuole ed altri. La Chiesa con il suo diritto conferma la possibilità do queste celebrazioni ma nello stesso tempo ha dato diversi documenti che stabiliscono le regole che devono essere viste come un aiuto. In questo articolo, l’autore fa una analisi dei documenti: Actio pastoralis, Redemptionis sacramentum , Eucharisticum misterium e le prenotanda dei libri liturgici per dimostrare come e dove si può celebrare la Eucaristia nel nuovo contesto di evangelizzazione.
Rocznik Teologiczny
|
2016
|
vol. 58
|
issue 3
455-469
PL
Muzyka ze względu na niezwykłą siłę oddziaływania na człowieka oraz swoistą zdolność wyrażania ekspresji od zawsze wiązała się ze sferą sacrum. Już w Starym Testamencie śpiew psalmów był ważnym elementem celebracji ówczesnych nabożeństw. Śpiew liturgiczny cechowała ta prostota, jaka charakteryzowała formy wokalne starożytności. Formuły melodyczne zapamiętywano i przekazywano w tradycji ustnej, zaś utwory liturgiczne wykonywano w formie melorecytacji, oraz tradycyjnie pojętego śpiewu. Wykonywano go unisono, był diatoniczny i nie wykazywał cech enharmonicznych i chromatycznych. Za czasów króla Dawida wystąpił największy rozkwit śpiewu synagogalnego. Kształcono m.in. kantorów, wyodrębniono chóry, których wokal stał się bardziej urozmaicony i naprzemienny. Dla pierwszych chrześcijan śpiew również stanowił ważny środek w komunikacji z Bogiem. Chociaż zakorzeniona w świadomości wiernych tradycja judaistyczna w dalszym ciągu dominowała zarówno w obrzędowości, jak i towarzyszącym jej wyrazie muzycznym, to rosnąca wiara i przynależność religijna powodowały zmiany w dotychczasowej estetyce muzycznej. Nastąpił powrót do źródeł. Śpiewano hymny, psalmy i pieśni w muzycznie prostych melodiach, przez co uzyskiwano ekspresję tego, co uznawano za najważniejsze – słowa. Poprzez wspólne wysławianie Zmartwychwstałego Chrystusa wierni różnych kultur i narodów jednoczyli się w myśli i modlitwie, czerpiąc pocieszenie i duchową radość, a także kształtując swą nową tożsamość religijną.
EN
Music, in the reason of impressive strength of influence to man and specific ability of expression, was always connected with the sphere of sacrum. Although in the Old Testament singing psalms was important moment of celebration of the services in that time. The liturgical singing characterized this simplicity which characterized vocal forms of ancient times. Melodic formulas were remembered and transmitted to the oral tradition, but liturgical songs were performed in the form of recitation and traditionally understood singing. It was performed by unison, diatonic and showed no enharmonic and chromatic characteristics. In the days of king David there was the biggest flourishing of synagogue singing. Among others, there were educated singers, distinguished choirs which vocal became more varied and alternating. Singing was also very important mean in contact with God for the first Christians. Although Judaic tradition rooted in the consciousness of the faithful still dominated both of the rituals and the accompanying musical expression, growing faith and religious affiliation caused changes in previous musical aesthetics. There took place a return to the sources. There sung hymns, psalms and songs with simple musical melodies, thus obtained expression which was recognized most important – words. Through the common praise of the Resurrected Christ believers of different cultures and nations were united in thought and prayer, deriving comfort and spiritual joy and also forming their new religious identity.
Muzyka
|
2018
|
vol. 63
|
issue 2
85-105
EN
The article is an attempt to retrace the process of the teaching of Orthodox chanting by Old Believers (Eastern Orthodox Christians who reject the reforms of Patriarch Nikon of Moscow) from the village of Wojnowo. The author performs an analysis of the only surviving book for teaching chanting, i.e. the nineteenth-century Azbuka from Wojnowo, with respect to the influence exerted by its contents on the methods of teaching singing adopted by the particular congregations living in Wojnowo. The author draws attention to the prayer-like characteristics of the chanting practiced by Old Believers and its influence on the education of singers.
PL
Artykuł jest próbą rekonstrukcji procesu nauczania śpiewu liturgicznego przez wspólnoty staroobrzędowców (wiernych Cerkwi prawosławnej nie uznających reform liturgicznych patriarchy Nikona) z Wojnowa. Autor dokonuje analizy jedynego zachowanego podręcznika do nauki śpiewu – tj. XIX-wiecznej Azbuki z Wojnowa pod kontem wpływu zawartych w nim treści na sposób nauczania śpiewu przyjęty w poszczególnych wspólnotach zamieszkujących wieś Wojnowo. Autor zwraca uwagę na modlitewny aspekt praktykowanego przez wspólnoty staroobrzędowców śpiewu, oraz jego wpływ na kształcenie kadr śpiewaczych.
Muzyka
|
2018
|
vol. 63
|
issue 3
3-42
EN
Gathering information about musical settings to liturgy celebrated in St Mary’s Church in Cracow during the first decades after the completion of Veit Stoss’s masterpiece altar is fraught with difficulties in the absence of strictly musical sources. However, documents preserved in Cracow archives: the National Archive, the Archive of the Metropolitan Curia, the Archive of St Mary’s Basilica, and in the Jagiellonian Library throw some light on the conditions of performing music in this church. The article discusses such issues as the construction of the pipe organ, the activity of organists employed there, the singing duties imposed on the college of mansionaries and the cantor and his inferiors, and the activities of the patrician Brotherhood of the Holy Virgin Mary. Also, the author draws our attention to a mansionary and altarist named Jan of Lublin, offering a tentative hypothesis that he is to be identified with the owner and creator of one of the most important monuments of early Polish music: the organ Tablature of Jan of Lublin. During this period, St Mary’s Church was under the patronage of Cracow’s municipal authorities, which paid the salaries of organists and cantors, supervised the finances of the mansionaries’ college, as well as paid for the construction and maintenance of the pipe organ. As a result, the church was an excellent setting for integrating music and liturgy and the surviving records confirm that the instruments and the performers were taken care of. The analysis of this material made it possible to supplement and verify some facts or names, but the crucial questions are still a matter of speculation: the sources are not sufficient to determine whether singing – as an indispensable component of liturgy – was in this temple limited to chant monody, or whether figurative music sounded there on certain occasions, which would have been justified by the status of the church. It can only be speculated that the musical setting of liturgy consisted mainly of alternate singing and pipe organ performance within the framework of the then-current alternatim technique, in which the organist was responsible for the polyphonic arrangement of liturgical chants.
PL
Pozyskanie informacji o dźwiękowej oprawie liturgii w kościele Mariackim w Krakowie w pierwszych dekadach obecności tam dzieła Wita Stwosza, sprawia trudności z powodu braku źródeł stricte muzycznych. Z dokumentów przechowanych w krakowskich archiwach: Archiwum Narodowym w Krakowie, Archiwum Kurii Metropolitalnej w Krakowie, Archiwum Bazyliki Mariackiej a także w Bibliotece Jagiellońskiej można jednak pozyskać pewne informacje o warunkach uprawiania muzyki w tej świątyni. W artykule poruszono sprawy budowy organów, działających tam organistów, wokalnych zadań kolegium mansjonarzy i kantora z pozostającymi w jego pieczy scholarami, działalności patrycjuszowskiego bractwa Najświętszej Marii Panny; zwrócono też uwagę na mariackiego mansjonarza i altarystę Jana z Lublina, wysuwając ostrożnie domniemanie tożsamości tej postaci z posesorem i twórcą jednego z najważniejszych zabytków staropolskich, mianowicie tabulatury organowej Jana z Lublina. Kościół Mariacki objęty był w dawnych wiekach patronatem władz miejskich Krakowa, które zapewniały m. in. wynagrodzenie organistów, kantorów, czuwały nad fundacją kolegium mansjonarzy, jak też finansowały budowę i konserwację organów. Warunki do włączania muzyki w przebieg liturgii były zatem dobre, zapiski archiwalne świadczą o dbałości o instrumenty i o wykonawców. Analiza tych materiałów umożliwiła uzupełnienie i weryfikację niektórych faktów czy nazwisk, jednak w sprawach zasadniczych nie  pozwoliła na wyjście poza domysły i pytania: ze źródeł nie wynika, czy śpiew – jako niezbędny element liturgii – ograniczał się wówczas w tej świątyni do monodii chorałowej, czy w niektórych okolicznościach sięgano po muzykę figuralną, co z uwagi na rangę kościoła mogłoby wydawać się oczywiste. Można przypuszczać, że muzyczną oprawę liturgii kształtował naprzemienny śpiew i gra na organach, czyli będąca ówcześnie w użyciu technika alternatim, w której zadanie polifonicznego opracowania melodii liturgicznych należało do organistów.   
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