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Litania do Wszystkich Świętych. Specimen caminense

100%

Nockowski M.

Colloquia Theologica Ottoniana

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2017

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issue 1

73-90

PL

Istnieją różne opracowania litanii, a niniejsze dotyczy jej miejsca w nowożytnej pobożności liturgicznej. Źródłem informacji, analizy i formułowania wniosków stał się pochodzący z 1506 roku Missale caminense. Ta niewielka suplikacja mieści w sobie nie tylko inwokacje do świętych, ale także streszcza wiarę w miłosiernego Boga, świętych obcowanie i ich wstawiennictwo. Modlący ma możliwość swoistego dialogu z Bogiem i świętymi. Przez ich zasługi i świątobliwe życie zanoszone są do nieba modlitwy błagalne. Litania do wszystkich świętych jest ściśle związana z liturgią oraz z prywatną pobożnością chrześcijan. Niniejszy artykuł prezentuje przede wszystkim Litanię do wszystkich świętych zamieszczoną w Missale caminense – specimen caminense. Na jej podstawie opracowany został aspekt formalno-kompozycyjny i kwestie teologiczno-liturgiczne. W zestawieniu z innymi litanijnymi suplikacjami nosi ona znamiona oryginalności. Należałoby uszanować działania redaktorów Mszału kamieńskiego, gdyż litania, jak i sama księga, daje świadectwo wiary naszych przodków oraz jest cennym zabytkiem piśmienniczym.

EN

Although there are different studies of Litany, that this applies to its place in the liturgical piety. The source of information, analysis and formulation of proposals have become the chosen dating from 1506 y. Missale caminense. This small supplication accommodates not only the invocations to the saints, but also summarizes the belief in a merciful God, the communion of the saints and their intercession. A praying person has got a possibility of specific dialogue with God and the saints. Through their merits and saintly life there are lifted up to heaven supplication prayers. The Litany to all the saints is precisely connected with the liturgy and private godliness of the Christians. This article presents mainly The Litany to all the saints placed in the Missale caminense – specimen caminense. On its basis was developed formal and compositional aspect and theological and liturgical issues. In comparison with other litanian supplications bears the features of originality. It is necessary to respect meticulously the actions of the editors of Kamieński Missal because The Litany, and the book itself constitute the faith of our ancestors and precious letter monument.

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„Szlak św. Ottona”. Koncepcja trasy pielgrzymkowej jako forma upamiętnienia misji chrystianizacyjnej św. Ottona z Bambergu na Pomorzu (1124-1128)

100%

Szczodry M.

Polonia Sacra

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2023

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vol. 27

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issue 4

209-225

EN

The area of Pomerania was Christianized 900 years ago as a result of the missionary activity of Saint Otto of Bamberg. Otto undertook two missionary expeditions, in 1124 and 1128. The road that Bishop Otto traveled became the inspiration for the present inhabitants of these areas to undertake research and work on setting out Saint Otto’s Route. This article aims to examine whether the itinerary designed in this way fulfils the formal requirements to be classified as a pilgrimage route. Using the analytical method, the state of historical research is first presented, based on which it has become possible to reconstruct the route taken by Saint Otto in Pomerania in the 12th century. It then presents the criteria that, in the light of Church documents must be met to recognize the route marked as a pilgrim itinerary. The following part of the study shows places where the memory of the Apostle of Pomerania is cultivated today, and which can be stages of the pilgrimage itinerary. In the light of the analyses carried out, it was shown that the “Saint Otto’s Route” can be classified as a pilgrimage route, becoming part of pastoral activities that will bring closer the present inhabitants of these areas to the person of the Apostle of Pomerania and his heritage, inspiring them to deepen their Christian identity.

PL

Teren Pomorza został schrystianizowany 900 lat temu w wyniku działalności misyjnej św. Ottona z Bambergu, który w tym celu podjął dwie wyprawy: w 1124 i 1128 r. Droga, którą przemierzył biskup Otton stała się dla współczesnych mieszkańców tych terenów inspiracją do podjęcia badań i prac nad wytyczeniem „Szlaku św. Ottona”. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest zbadanie, czy tak zaprojektowane itinerarium spełnia formalne przesłanki, aby móc je sklasyfikować jako szlak pielgrzymkowy. Posługując się metodą analityczną przedstawiono najpierw stan badań historycznych, na podstawie których możliwe stało się zrekonstruowanie drogi, którą w XII wieku przebył św. Otton na Pomorzu. Następnie przedstawiono kryteria, które w świetle dokumentów Kościoła muszą być spełnione, aby uznać wytyczoną trasę za szlak pielgrzymi. W dalszej części pracy ukazano miejsca, w których współcześnie pielęgnuje się pamięć o Apostole Pomorza i które mogą stanowić etapy itinerarium pielgrzymkowego. W świetle przeprowadzonych analiz wykazano, iż „Szlak św. Ottona” może zostać sklasyfikowany jako trasa pielgrzymkowa, wpisując się w działania duszpasterskie, które przybliżą współczesnym mieszkańcom tych ziem postać i dziedzictwo Apostoła Pomorza, inspirując ich do pogłębienia swojej tożsamości chrześcijańskiej.

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A.D. 966. Chrzest księcia Mieszka. Dylematy naukowe i znaczenie tego aktu dla przemian kulturowych na ziemiach polskich. Zagadnienia wybrane

41%

Wyrwa A. M.

Studia Lednickie

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2016

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vol. 15

19-72

EN

This paper provides a general overview of selected sources and ideas functioning in Polish historiography on the baptism of Duke Mieszko I and the early stages of the Christianization of the Polish lands. The issue has long been debated by historians specialising in different fields, and new hypotheses and interpretations are still formulated. As part of this unfinished discussion, this paper seeks to make some general comments on some of the most lively discussed questions. Understandably, the hypotheses presented in the paper do not unravel all the mysteries and issues are still pending further research. The baptism of Duke Mieszko I, and thus the symbolic baptism of Poland, coincided with a moment of an intense expansion of Christianity in Europe (Fig. 1). Regardless of its religious, political and cultural significance for the next generations of rulers, nobles, prelates, chroniclers, historians, writers, artists and many others, the baptism has always been a great inspiration for various creative undertakings. The origins of historical reflections on this act can be found, e.g., in the chronicles of Thietmar or Gallus Anonymous. The latter rendered the events of this Holy Saturday of 966 in a very colourful and symbolic way, approximately 150 years later. In his chronicle, Gallus Anonymous noted, e.g., that just as Duke Mieszko was healed from blindness as a child, so having married a Bohemian Duchess Dobrawa, Mieszko — as a prudent and foresighted ruler — accepted baptism. The baptism freed him and his subjects from the blindness and darkness of paganism, giving them in return the clarity and truthfulness of the new faith. Although the very act, its exact date and location, as well as its cultural and civilization- bearing role are still subjects of heated debate among historians specialising in various fields, there is no doubt that it marked the beginning of a new phase in the connection between the Polish lands and the European cultural circle. At first, the process of Christianization involved merely a small circle of the society. The establishment of Christianity in the whole area of Poland was a very long process, characterised by varying dynamics and completed — using a variety of means — not earlier than at the end of the thirteenth century. Nevertheless, Mieszko I’s baptism inscribed our lands into the circle of Christian Europe in perpetuity. What did the adoption of Christianity mean for Poland? Through the introduction of the Christian faith, regardless of its initial kinks (in the 1030s), the Church strengthened the position of the ruler, offered him a divine legitimacy and made him an equal partner in the family of the Christian rulers of Europe. Christianity introduced also new, previously unknown cultural elements. These were, for example: — a new concept of God, the world and the place of humans within it; — the opening of expanded international contacts in the secular and ecclesiastical sphere; — bringing religious orders, such as the Benedictines, later Cistercians, Canons Regular, mendicant orders and others. These, as in Europe, actively participated in the shaping of the new economic and cultural image of the Polish lands, irrespective of their spiritual duties; —Latin, a universal language and alphabet associated with the circle of the clergy, and the princely chancellery; — a new way of measuring time (a calendar and related holidays and liturgical celebrations); — the inclusion of Christian symbols into the native cultural space, including the symbolism of colours, signs and gestures, the symbols of the natural world, etc.; — scriptoria, book and wall painting; — various worship and liturgy-related objects, such as, e.g., frescoes, the statues of saints and patron saints, reliquary boxes, liturgical combs, signs of episcopal dignity, patens, chalices, bowls, crosses, bells, suspended canopy lighting, etc.; — new architecture, and canons of style and workshops (the mastery of stone processing, techniques of construction and the preparation of mortars and mosaics); — inhumation took over from cremation as the dominant burial rite, etc. And other things. Slowly but consequently, these elements replaced and sometimes demolished the hitherto prevailing way of perceiving and ordering the world and its evaluation. Therefore, there is no exaggeration in the statements of the ‘revolutionary’ nature of the new faith formulated by scholars. Due to the enigmatic nature of the written sources and an unsatisfactory state of knowledge of, e.g., the earliest architecture related to the Christianization of the Polish lands (especially its more precise chronology), some issues addressed in this paper remain unresolved. However, despite many shortcomings and unexplained hypotheses, there is no doubt that an area in Europe, which since c.1000 came to be called Polonia, became permanently linked to the European Christianitas in the second half of the tenth century. All this started in 966, following previous preparations, due to Duke Mieszko I of the Piast dynasty.

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1 Colloquia Theologica Ottoniana

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1 Nockowski M.

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Litania do Wszystkich Świętych. Specimen caminense

„Szlak św. Ottona”. Koncepcja trasy pielgrzymkowej jako forma upamiętnienia misji chrystianizacyjnej św. Ottona z Bambergu na Pomorzu (1124-1128)

A.D. 966. Chrzest księcia Mieszka. Dylematy naukowe i znaczenie tego aktu dla przemian kulturowych na ziemiach polskich. Zagadnienia wybrane